<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091</id><updated>2011-11-28T10:10:14.830+07:00</updated><category term='Water Quality'/><category term='น้ำประปา'/><category term='RO'/><category term='Ion Exchange Resin'/><category term='Water Filters'/><category term='เครื่องกรองน้ำบาดาล'/><category term='เรซิ่น'/><category term='เครื่องกรองน้ำแบบยูวี'/><category term='เครื่องกรองน้ำ'/><category term='Drinking Water Safety'/><category term='Water Testing Information'/><category term='อาร์โอ'/><category term='Water'/><category term='Water that Stains'/><category term='Hard Water'/><category term='Sand Filters'/><category term='RO เมมเบรน'/><category term='Water Container'/><category term='สารกรอง'/><category term='Water Filteration'/><category term='Health Effects of Selected Drinking Water Contaminants'/><category term='น้ำบาดาล'/><category term='Industrial Water Treatment'/><category term='น้ำดื่ม'/><category term='Water Softening'/><category term='ระบบผลิตน้ำ'/><category term='Membrane'/><category term='Magnetic Water Conditioners'/><category term='Water Information'/><category term='Reverse Osmosis'/><category term='Water Treatment'/><category term='UV Filter'/><category term='Drinking Water'/><title type='text'>Aquacheme's Blog</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>47</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-3603761292301593192</id><published>2011-11-28T10:04:00.011+07:00</published><updated>2011-11-28T10:10:14.844+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='น้ำประปา'/><title type='text'>ใช้สาวพรหมจรรย์ดมพิสูจน์น้ำประปามีพิษ</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="width:550px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;ไขปริศนา'น้ำประปาอันตราย'สาวพรหมจรรย์ดมพิสูจน์&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ในสภาวะปกติคนกรุงเทพฯ ใช้น้ำประมาณ 200 ลิตรต่อคนต่อวัน การประปานครหลวง (กปน.) มีโรงงานผลิตน้ำ 4 แห่งคือ บางเขน สามเสน ธนบุรี และมหาสวัสดิ์ ล่าสุดชาวบ้านหลายท้องที่ร้องเรียนว่าน้ำที่ไหลจากท่อประปา มีกลิ่นเหม็นและมีสีขุ่น นอกจากนี้ยังมีการเตือนภัยน้ำประปาสกปรกว่าอาจมีสารเคมีและโลหะหนักรวมถึงเชื้อโรคเจือปน ทำให้นายเจริญ ภัสระ ผู้ว่าการการประปานครหลวง ต้องออกแถลงข่าวว่า ปัญหาน้ำท่วมทำให้น้ำดิบบางส่วนมีการปนเปื้อนและคุณภาพต่ำลง ส่งผลให้น้ำประปาบางพื้นที่เป็นน้ำขุ่น น้ำมีกลิ่นหรือสีผิดปกติ ตอนนี้ กปน.กำลังเร่งระดมแก้ไข พร้อมยืนยันว่าน้ำที่ไหลออกจากท่อประปาทั่วกรุงเทพฯ และเขตปริมณฑลยังได้มาตรฐานองค์การอนามัยโลก&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“จงกลนี อาศุเวทย์” ผอ.ฝ่ายคุณภาพน้ำ กปน. อธิบายถึงหลักเกณฑ์วิธีตรวจสอบว่า น้ำประปาอันตรายหรือไม่นั้น ประกอบด้วย 4 ด้านคือ ด้านกายภาพ ด้านเคมี ด้านสารพิษ-โลหะหนัก และด้านจุลชีววิทยา ในแต่ละวันจะมีเจ้าหน้าที่ออกไปพื้นที่ต่างๆ เพื่อเก็บตัวอย่างน้ำมาตรวจวิเคราะห์ว่ายังปลอดภัยหรือไม่ เช่น 1.ทางกายภาพ เน้นตรวจเรื่องสี รสชาติ กลิ่น ความขุ่น และระดับกรด-ด่าง 2.ด้านเคมี เพื่อหาโลหะหนักที่เป็นอันตรายต่อร่างกาย เช่น เหล็ก ทองแดง สังกะสี คลอไรด์ ฟลูออไรด์ ฯลฯ 3.ตรวจหาสารเป็นพิษ เช่น ปรอท ตะกั่ว แคดเมียม ไซยาไนด์ ฯลฯ และ 4.ตรวจด้านจุลชีววิทยาหรือเชื้อโรคที่ต้องเฝ้าระวัง คือแบคทีเรีย เชื้ออหิวาตกโรค เชื้อบิด เชื้อไทฟอยด์ เชื้ออี.โคไล &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ผอ.จงกลนี ไขปริศนาให้ฟังว่า ภาวะน้ำท่วมร้ายแรงปีนี้ ทำให้มีสิ่งสกปรกเข้าไปเจือปนในน้ำดิบ ที่ส่งมาจากแม่น้ำเจ้าพระยาจำนวนมาก จุดที่ต้องเฝ้าตรวจสอบอย่างละเอียดคือเรื่องของสารโลหะหนัก และสารพิษ แต่ยังยืนยันว่าน้ำดิบที่เข้ามายังไม่พบสารพิษตกค้างเกินค่ามาตรฐาน เช่น สารปรอท กำหนดให้ไม่เกิน 0.001 มิลลิกรัมต่อลูกบาศก์เดซิเมตร (ลบ.ดม)  ตรวจพบเพียง 0.00043 ส่วนตะกั่วต้องไม่เกิน 0.05 ลบ.ดม ตรวจพบในน้ำประปาเพียง 0.0002 เท่านั้น สารไซยาไนด์ยังตรวจไม่พบ ส่วนการตรวจหาเชื้อโรคจากน้ำประปานั้นไม่พบแบคทีเรียหรือเชื้อโรคอื่นๆ เพราะมีการป้องกันเต็มที่โดยใช้เพิ่มสารคลอรีนฆ่าเชื้อโรค ส่วนเรื่องความขุ่นนั้นระดับมาตรฐานคือไม่เกิน 5 เอ็นทียู ตรวจพบเฉลี่ยแค่ 1 เท่านั้น แต่น้ำจากโรงงานผลิตน้ำมหาสวัสดิ์ ที่แจกจ่ายให้พื้นที่นนทบุรี สมุทรปราการ และฝั่งธนบุรีนั้น อยู่ในระดับ 3 เอ็นทียู เพราะมีสิ่งสกปรกจากน้ำท่วมขัง ฯลฯ คุณภาพน้ำดิบทางด้านกายภาพไม่ดี แต่ทางด้านสารพิษโลหะหนัก ยังไม่เกินมาตรฐานที่นำมาผลิตเป็นน้ำประปาได้ ขณะนี้พยายามแก้ไขโดยน้ำที่ขุ่นจะใช้สารส้มเข้าไปให้ตกตะกอน ส่วนน้ำประปาที่มีสีผิดปกติจะใช้ด่างทับทิม ผงถ่านกัมมันต์ และเพิ่มออกซิเจนให้&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/"&gt;น้ำใสสะอาด&lt;/a&gt;กว่าเดิม&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ขึ้นอยู่กับความรู้สึกของผู้ใช้น้ำประปาแต่ละคน บางประเทศจะเทน้ำมาใส่ขวดโดยไม่บอกว่าน้ำมาจากไหน บางประเทศใช้หญิงสาวพรหมจรรย์อย่างน้อย 5 คนดมกลิ่นน้ำประปาแล้วบอกว่ามีกลิ่นหรือไม่ ส่วนรสชาติยิ่งลำบาก เหมือนอาหารที่คนไทย แขก ฝรั่ง ชอบไม่เหมือนกัน บางคนได้รสบางคนไม่ได้รส กปน.ใช้วิธีให้เจ้าหน้าที่ช่วยกันดมและชิม แล้วรายงานว่าเป็นอย่างไร ส่วนการต้มน้ำแล้วเชื่อว่าจะทำให้น้ำหายขุ่น หรือไม่มีสี ไม่มีรสชาตินั้น เป็นความเชื่อของแต่ละคน”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;สุดแม้ว่าจะเผชิญกับปัญหาหลายด้าน หากโรงงานผลิตน้ำประปาจะหยุดทำงาน ก็คงด้วยเหตุผลประการเดียวคือ น้ำท่วมสูงมากจนต้องมีการตัดไฟหรือระบบไฟฟ้าขัดข้องเท่านั้น ซึ่งไม่น่าจะเกิดขึ้นได้ เพราะ กปน.เตรียมพร้อมป้องกันน้ำท่วมทุกด้านไว้เรียบร้อยแล้ว&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;วิศวกรรมโยธา มหาวิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีพระจอมเกล้าธนบุรี ตั้งข้อสังเกตว่า ระบบประปาเป็นเรื่องสำคัญ ถ้าคาดการณ์ถึงสภาวะที่แย่สุดก็คือ คันดินที่ล้อมโรงผลิตน้ำประปาทั้งหมดเกิดพังหรือเสียหาย ทำให้น้ำทะลักเข้ามาในระบบจ่ายไฟฟ้า หรือเข้ามาในระบบกรองน้ำ จะทำให้คนกรุงเทพฯ ขาดแคลนน้ำประปาในระยะหนึ่ง จนกว่าจะแก้ไขและเริ่มกระบวนการผลิตใหม่ จึงขอเตือนให้ประชาชนวางแผนเตรียมน้ำสำรองไว้บ้าง เช่น ถังเก็บน้ำ หากเป็นน้ำดื่มควรเตรียม&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/water-filters.html"&gt;เครื่องกรองน้ำ&lt;/a&gt;ขนาดเล็ก หรือน้ำดื่มชนิดขวด&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ที่มา:&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.komchadluek.net/detail/20111031/113439/%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9.html"&gt;http://www.komchadluek.net/detail/20111031/113439/%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A9.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-3603761292301593192?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/3603761292301593192'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/3603761292301593192'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2011/11/blog-post.html' title='ใช้สาวพรหมจรรย์ดมพิสูจน์น้ำประปามีพิษ'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-5362279645873741797</id><published>2011-07-09T17:28:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-07-09T17:28:52.236+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Container'/><title type='text'>Best Types of Water Container</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"&gt;It's important to think about the container where you'll store your water. You can believe it or not but this could pose as a health issue if you won't make the correct decision. There are water containers that are not good for the health as it contains some chemicals. Therefore, you would need to understand what the water container is made of before you make a purchase because it could have a great impact in your life. Many of the serious diseases can be caused by the containers that have chemicals that react to water badly. There has been an increase in the deaths that are attributed to this type of illnesses caused by water in the recent years and a lot of these illnesses were caused by containers that people store their drinking water in.&lt;iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=aquacheme-20&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;p=8&amp;amp;l=bpl&amp;amp;asins=B001QC31G6&amp;amp;fc1=000000&amp;amp;IS2=1&amp;amp;lt1=_blank&amp;amp;m=amazon&amp;amp;lc1=0000FF&amp;amp;bc1=000000&amp;amp;bg1=FFFFFF&amp;amp;f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When you take a look at the very common container types used for storing water, the most common type used are plastic containers. The industry for plastic has grown for around 10 to 20% over the last few years and it's still growing. These containers have dangerous chemicals that are not good for a person's heatlh. They are decreasing the purity of the water and it adds dangerous characterizes that can be very poisonous for the person who will drink the water. These plastic containers have Bisphenol A, a chemical that resides in the plastic and it's a very dangerous byproduct.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These chemical byproducts are poisoning the water and it changes the taste as well. The plastic industry producing bottles have given birth to harmful diseases such as cancer. The plastic bottles decrease the level of purity of water and pose a threat to our health. There are containers that are available which are not harmful and does not pose a threat to our health. One of these containers is glass. It doesn't have any of the chemical properties that could affect the water's purity. It does not even need an inner coating which is why it's one of the reasons why it's what we use to hold our water. I would vote though for stainless steel containers as they are durable and strong and does not have any chemical residue and it retains the freshness of the water and keeps it as pure as what nature expects it to be.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zV_mHJ3DrYI/ThgqD6Ihh9I/AAAAAAAABY8/f0e8Wybq0dA/s1600/water-container.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"&gt;&lt;img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zV_mHJ3DrYI/ThgqD6Ihh9I/AAAAAAAABY8/f0e8Wybq0dA/s1600/water-container.jpg" style="cursor: move;" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Toxic-Free Water Containers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Don't take the containers holding your water for granted. If you choose the wrong one it can leak some harmful chemicals into your drinking water. Here's how you can find the water container that's best for your needs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Home Purified Water&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As much as possible, you must purify your drinking water at your home using multistage filtration that traps the chemicals and its byproduct just like with chlorine as well as lead traces and harmful cysts. You can store the water and carry it along on glass containers for your drinking water that good companies would provide without worrying what you'll be exposed to in your city. For those who frequently travels or are students, water containers with a filtration cartridge would be safer and even more eco-friendly and economical as alternative for the branded bottled water. Compare products and choose one that removes the highest amount of lead and chlorine.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Look for BPA-free Water Containers&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Due to troublesome research and studies, some companies are now marketing water containers that are BPA-free. If you have no idea about it, you may think this is just a gimmick or a marketing strategy but in fact, BPA really poses a threat because it's hazardous. The chemical is a monomer plastic that is used for manufacturing of different kinds of plastic. It also disrupts the endocrine and products that are designed to be used for eating or drinking containing this chemical had been in question since the 30's. Researchers worked hard for years to convince the regulatory agencies that this chemical should not be used for food cans or for baby bottles and water bottles as well as with other similar products.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the opposite side of this debate is with the industry as scientists are saying that the amount of the contaminant that leaches to the beverage or food is at a non-hazardous level. A number of studies on animals though disagree stating that the exposure has caused changes in their reproductive organs as well as with their cells that became prone to cancer. The Lang Study that was published in 2008 was 1st in assessing the BPA health affects to humans. It showed that high levels of the BPA in our bloodstream are associated with diseases to the heart, liver dysfunction and diabetes. So, if you want to protect your health for a longer term period then look for a BPA free drinking water containers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Glass Water Containers&lt;iframe align="left" frameborder="0" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" scrolling="no" src="http://rcm.amazon.com/e/cm?t=aquacheme-20&amp;amp;o=1&amp;amp;p=8&amp;amp;l=bpl&amp;amp;asins=B0016FWHYK&amp;amp;fc1=000000&amp;amp;IS2=1&amp;amp;lt1=_blank&amp;amp;m=amazon&amp;amp;lc1=0000FF&amp;amp;bc1=000000&amp;amp;bg1=FFFFFF&amp;amp;f=ifr" style="align: left; height: 245px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 5px; width: 131px;"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Though plastics are the more popular water container for sports, the glass water containers will not be leaching any of the harmful contaminants to the water. It will also be cleaner and much better as there's no smell of chemicals that you'd get from plastic containers. If you do prefer plastic tumblers or bottles, don't wash them in dishwashers as high temperature is breaking down the polymer which causes a further contamination of chemicals.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-5362279645873741797?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/5362279645873741797'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/5362279645873741797'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2011/07/best-types-of-water-container.html' title='Best Types of Water Container'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zV_mHJ3DrYI/ThgqD6Ihh9I/AAAAAAAABY8/f0e8Wybq0dA/s72-c/water-container.jpg' height='72' width='72'/></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-2561284298412017471</id><published>2011-02-01T05:31:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2011-02-01T05:32:38.472+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Reverse Osmosis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='RO'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='อาร์โอ'/><title type='text'>ข้อดีและข้อจำกัดในการใช้เครื่องกรองน้ำระบบ Reverse Osmosis (RO)</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;ข้อดีและข้อจำกัดของการเลือกใช้ระบบ RO&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;ข้อดี&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. &lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/industrial-reverse-osmosis-systems.html"&gt;ระบบ RO&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;สามารถประหยัดสารเคมีได้มากเมื่อเปรียบเทียบกับระบบเคมีทั่วๆไป ในระบบเคมีจะต้องใช้กรดและด่างจำนวนมากมาเจ็นเนอเรต นอกจากนี้ยังมีปัญหาเรื่องสภาพแวดล้อม ส่วน&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/industrial-reverse-osmosis-systems.html"&gt;ระบบ RO&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;จะใช้สารเคมีน้อยมาก ต้นทุนการผลิตน้ำจะตกอยู่ที่ค่าไฟของปั๊มน้ำ ซึ่งกินไฟมากเพราะความดันสูง แต่เมื่อเทียบกับราคาสารเคมีแล้วยังถูกกว่ามาก&lt;br /&gt;2. ระบบ RO สามารถทำให้น้ำบริสุทธิ์โดยไม่ต้องเปลี่ยนสถานะของน้ำก่อน (nophase change) เหมือนอย่างวิธีการกลั่นน้ำทั่วๆไป&lt;br /&gt;3. ระบบ RO ประกอบด้วยอุปกรณ์ไม่กี่อย่างจึงเป็นระบบที่กะทัดรัด เช่น ปั๊มน้ำ มอเตอร์ วาล์ว มาตรวัดอัตราการไหล เครื่องวัดค่าความนำไฟฟ้า (conductivity meter) เกจวัดความดัน ฯลฯ&lt;br /&gt;4. ช่างคุมเครื่องจักรไม่จำเป็นต้องใช้ช่างฝีมือ เพียงแต่ผ่านการอบรมเพียงระยะเวลาสั้นๆก็สามารถคุมเครื่องได้ อุปกรณ์อัตโนมัติจะช่วยในการควบคุมง่ายขึ้น&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;ข้อจำกัด&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. ข้อจำกัดในเรื่องความดัน โดยปกติถ้าเป็นน้ำทะเลจะต้องใช้ความดัน 800 ถึง 1,000 PSI และสำหรับน้ำกร่อยธรรมดา จะใช้ความดันไม่เกิน 400 ถึง 600 PSI ซึ่งในแง่ของการปฏิบัติแล้ว เราจะใช้ความดัน 200 PSI เหนือความดันออสโมซิส (Osmosis Pressure) ดังนั้น&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/industrial-reverse-osmosis-systems.html"&gt;ระบบ RO&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;จึงไม่สามารถใช้กับการแยกน้ำที่มีความเข้มข้นของสารละลายสูงมากๆได้ เพราะโครงสร้างของเนื้อเยื่อจะไม่สามารถรับแรงดันมากเกินไปได้&lt;br /&gt;2. ข้อจำกัดเกี่ยวกับอุณหภูมิของน้ำก่อนเข้าสู่ระบบ เนื้อเยื่อแบบ ทินฟิล์ม คอมโพซิส (Thin Film Composite) ถ้าป้อนน้ำที่มีอุณหภูมิเกินกว่านี้จะมีปัญหาเรื่องเนื้อเยื่ออัดตัวแน่น (compaction) เป็นเหตุให้สารละลายเล็ดลอดออกมาได้มากขึ้น ดังนั้นถ้าน้ำมีอุณหภูมิสูงเกินไปจะต้องลดอุณหภูมิลงก่อน&lt;br /&gt;3. ข้อจำกัดเกี่ยวกับวัสดุที่ใช้ทำเมมเบรน เนื้อเยื่อที่ใช้ในระบบ RO. จะเสื่อมคุณภาพเร็วมาก หากสัมผัสกับน้ำมัน หรือ จารบี จึงจำเป็นต้องกำจัดไขมันใดๆ ออกอย่างเด็ดขาด&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #656565; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 26px;"&gt;ปัญหาเครื่องกรองน้ำระบบ Reverse Osmosis ลองปรึกษา&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #656565; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 26px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #656565; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 26px;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" style="color: #5588aa; text-decoration: none;"&gt;อควาเคมี&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #656565; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 26px;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #656565; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 26px;"&gt;ซิคะ โทร.025611540, 025611676&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-2561284298412017471?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/2561284298412017471'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/2561284298412017471'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2011/02/reverse-osmosis-ro.html' title='ข้อดีและข้อจำกัดในการใช้เครื่องกรองน้ำระบบ Reverse Osmosis (RO)'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-7480157267974682349</id><published>2010-12-31T07:27:00.003+07:00</published><updated>2010-12-31T07:29:18.828+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='เครื่องกรองน้ำบาดาล'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='เครื่องกรองน้ำ'/><title type='text'>เครื่องกรองน้ำบาดาล</title><content type='html'>หลายแหล่งในประเทศไทยยังคงใช้น้ำบาดาล หรือน้ำประปาหมู่บ้าน ซึ่งมีความกระด้างสูง และอาจมีค่าสารละลายเกินมาตรฐานน้ำดื่ม น้ำกระด้างจะมีหินปูนเจือปนทำให้รสชาติไม่น่าดื่ม และอาจสะสมเป็นบ่อเกิดของโรคนิ่วอีกด้วย&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;น้ำบาดาลอาจปนเปื้อนด้วยสารเคมีตกค้าง โดยเฉพาะจากเกษตรกรรมเช่น ยากำจัดวัชพืช และอุตสาหกรรมต่างๆที่ซึมลงสู่ดิน บางแหล่งยังมีธาตุเหล็กปนเปื้อนอยู่มากจนทำให้น้ำออกเป็นสีเหลืองอ่อนถึงส้ม อีกทั้งตะกอน และเศษสนิมล้วนแล้วแต่เป็นอีกปัจจัยทซึ่ง&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/water-filters.html"&gt;เครื่องกรองน้ำ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;สำหรับน้ำบาดาลย่อม ต้องการผู้เชี่ยวชาญและระบบกรอง ที่แตกต่างกันไป&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ปัญหาน้ำ ลองปรึกษา &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/"&gt;อควาเคมี&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; ซิคะ โทร.025611540, 025611676&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-7480157267974682349?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/7480157267974682349'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/7480157267974682349'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2010/12/deep-well-water-filter.html' title='เครื่องกรองน้ำบาดาล'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-6766589409585193420</id><published>2010-12-31T07:25:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2010-12-31T07:26:44.529+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='เครื่องกรองน้ำ'/><title type='text'>รูปทรงไม่สวยเลย ชอบเครื่องกรองน้ำแบบเป็นกล่องสี่เหลี่ยมมากกว่า</title><content type='html'>ความจริงแล้วการกรองน้ำไม่ได้ต่างกันเลย ที่สำคัญบอดี้แบบกล่องจะแพงกว่าครื่งต่อครึ่งเลยทีเดียว แถมบางรุ่นขั้นตอนการกรองน้อยกว่ารุ่นตัวกระบอกด้วย ดังนั้น จึงลืมไม่ได้เลยว่า ยิ่งขั้นตอนการ&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/water-filters.html"&gt;กรองน้ำ&lt;/a&gt;เยอะเท่าไหร่ น้ำที่ผ่านการกรองออกมาก็จะสะอาดมากขึ้นเท่านั้น จึงอย่าไปนึกถึงเรื่องรูปร่างรูปทรงของเครื่องกรองน้ำเลย ให้นึกถึงเรื่องการ&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/"&gt;ผลิตน้ำ&lt;/a&gt;ดีกว่าคับ ว่าได้น้ำออกมาที่สะอาดหรือป่าว เพราะน้ำที่สะอาดจะเป็นผลดีต่อเรา แต่ถ้าน้ำมีสารปนเปื้อนก็อาจเป็นอันตรายต่อร่างกายอีกด้วย&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-6766589409585193420?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/6766589409585193420'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/6766589409585193420'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2010/12/water-filter-design.html' title='รูปทรงไม่สวยเลย ชอบเครื่องกรองน้ำแบบเป็นกล่องสี่เหลี่ยมมากกว่า'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-2249701949420317323</id><published>2010-12-31T07:23:00.003+07:00</published><updated>2010-12-31T07:24:18.206+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='UV Filter'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='เครื่องกรองน้ำ'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='เครื่องกรองน้ำแบบยูวี'/><title type='text'>UV Filter</title><content type='html'>เครื่องกรองน้ำแบบยูวี เป็นการกรองสำหรับการฆ่าเชื้อโรคที่ผ่านแสงอัลตร้าไวโอเล็ต หรือแสง UV ซึ่งการกรองแบบยูวีนั้น มีการพัฒนามาจาก&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/water-filters.html"&gt;เครื่องกรองน้ำ&lt;/a&gt;ขนาดเล็กและ&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/industrial-reverse-osmosis-systems.html"&gt;เครื่องกรองระบบ RO&lt;/a&gt; โดยการเพิ่มตัวยูวีเข้าไป เมื่อเลือกใช้เครื่องกรองน้ำได้ตรงกับความต้องการ และบำรุงรักษาได้ถูกต้องตามคู่มือ &amp;nbsp;ของเครื่องกรองน้ำแล้ว คุณก็จะสามารถนำน้ำที่ผ่านจากกระบวนการกรองนั้น ไปบริโภคได้ทันที&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-2249701949420317323?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/2249701949420317323'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/2249701949420317323'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2010/12/uv-filter.html' title='UV Filter'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-7501620000258242387</id><published>2010-12-31T07:21:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2010-12-31T07:21:46.927+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='เครื่องกรองน้ำ'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='น้ำบาดาล'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='น้ำดื่ม'/><title type='text'>ปัจจัยที่สำคัญสำหรับเครื่องกรองน้ำในประเทศไทย</title><content type='html'>ปัจจัยที่สำคัญสำหรับเครื่องกรองน้ำในประเทศไทย นั่นก็คือ เชื้อโรค เนื่องจากการนำน้ำประปามาเก็บไว้ในถังพักน้ำก่อนปั้มเข้าสู่บ้าน ซึ่งน้ำที่ขังในถังข้ามคืนจะปนเปื้อนด้วยเชื้อโรคมากมาย โดยเฉพาะบ้านเก่าที่ไม่เคยล้างถังพักน้ำ ทำให้น้ำในถังเป็นแหล่งเพาะเชื้อโรคและสิ่งสกปรกที่อาจหลุดเข้ามาตามฤดูกลาล &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/water-filters.html"&gt;เครื่องกรองน้ำ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;บาดาลที่เหมาะสำหรับน้ำบาดาลในประเทศไทยจึงต้องสามารถกำจัดตะกอน สนิมเหล็ก สารเคมีตกค้างความกระด้าง และแร่ธาตุที่เกินมาตรฐาน&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/"&gt;น้ำดื่ม&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-7501620000258242387?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/7501620000258242387'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/7501620000258242387'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2010/12/blog-post.html' title='ปัจจัยที่สำคัญสำหรับเครื่องกรองน้ำในประเทศไทย'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-5646551192779327384</id><published>2010-02-03T05:17:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-02-01T05:18:27.023+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ระบบผลิตน้ำ'/><title type='text'>การเลือกระบบผลิตน้ำที่เหมาะสมกับการใช้งาน (Selection water filtration or water purification system)</title><content type='html'>การเลือกระบบผลิตน้ำที่เหมาะสมกับการใช้งานเป็นสิ่งที่ควรจะต้องพิจารณา เพราะอาจจะก่อให้เกิดปัญหาด้านการลงทุน คุณภาพของน้ำ และปริมาณของน้ำที่ต้องการ เพื่อให้มั่นใจว่าได้ระบบตรงตามที่ต้องการ &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;ข้อมูลที่ต้องใช้ในการเลือกระบบ &lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- คุณภาพน้ำที่ต้องการใช้ / เป็นตัวกำหนดระบบผลิตน้ำที่เหมาะสม &lt;br /&gt;- ปริมาณน้ำที่ต้องการใช้ / &lt;br /&gt;- คุณภาพและแหล่งน้ำดิบที่ใช้ในการผลิตน้ำ / เป็นตัวเลือกอุปกรณ์ผลิตน้ำ เพื่อประกอบเป็นระบบผลิตน้ำที่เหมาะสม เช่น การตกตะกอน การกรอง การกำจัดความกระด้าง เป็นต้น &lt;br /&gt;- พื้นที่ที่จะใช้ในการติดตั้งระบบผลิตน้ำ / ซึ่งจะใช้ในการเลือกจำนวนอุปกรณ์ผลิตน้ำที่เหมาะสม &lt;br /&gt;- จุดที่ใช้น้ำและคุณภาพที่ต้องใช้ในแต่ละจุด รวมทั้งปริมาณน้ำที่ใช้ / จะเป็นข้อมูลในการเลือกระบบผลิตน้ำแยกจากกันให้เหมาะสม เช่น ในโรงงานที่มีการใช้น้ำอ่อนและการใช้น้ำบริสุทธิ์ จะต้องเลือกติดตั้ง &lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/water-softeners.html"&gt;Water softener&lt;/a&gt; ณ จุดที่ใช้น้ำอ่อน และติดตั้งระบบผลิตน้ำบริสุทธิ์อีกจุดหนึ่ง เพื่อลดขนาดของระบบและป้องกันการผลิตน้ำที่มีคุณภาพสูงหรือต่ำกว่าที่ต้องการ &lt;br /&gt;- ความรู้และความสามารถของผู้ใช้งานระบบของโรงงาน / จะมีส่วนประกอบในการเลือกระบบว่าควรจะเป็นแบบใดจึงเหมาะสมกับระดับความรู้ของผู้ใช้งานระบบ&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-5646551192779327384?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/5646551192779327384'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/5646551192779327384'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2010/02/selection-water-filtration-or-water.html' title='การเลือกระบบผลิตน้ำที่เหมาะสมกับการใช้งาน (Selection water filtration or water purification system)'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-655900081138223431</id><published>2009-02-05T22:48:00.003+07:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T22:49:27.318+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Treatment'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water'/><title type='text'>Water Treatment Alternatives - Reverse Osmosis</title><content type='html'>Reverse osmosis refers to a process of water purification that has been used primarily for the desalination of seawater. To understand reverse osmosis, it is first necessary to understand osmosis. Osmosis is the term for the phenomenon whereby if a semi-permeable membrane separates two salt solutions of different concentration, water will migrate from the weaker solution through the membrane to the stronger solution, until the solutions are of the same salt concentration. Reverse osmosis subverts this process. It involves applying pressure to reverse the natural flow of water, forcing the water to move from the more concentrated solution to the weaker. The semi-permeable membrane is porous, allowing water to pass through, but blocking the passage of the bulkier salt molecules (Binnie, Kimber, &amp;amp; Smethurst, 2002). The end result is water sans salt on one side of the membrane.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The semi-permeable membranes for reverse osmosis treatment are generally constructed from polyamide-based materials. These materials are resistant to biological degradations, but are subject to chemical attacks from chlorine.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reverse osmosis has been used as a method of purification for ground and surface fresh water, in addition to its role as a desalinating agent. Working with such water sources creates some problems for the reverse osmosis system. Because of the very small pore sizes involved in the membrane, it is vital that ground and surface water is adequately pre-treated prior to the reverse osmosis process. Depending upon the hardness of the water involved, scaling of the membrane is likely to occur. If the concentration of the calcium or magnesium in the water (the chemicals that determine water’s hardness) is at a high enough level where the chemicals are insoluble, it will create a hard mineral on the inside of the membrane, rendering it impotent&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Source: http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com/water-treatment.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-655900081138223431?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/655900081138223431'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/655900081138223431'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/02/water-treatment-alternatives-reverse.html' title='Water Treatment Alternatives - Reverse Osmosis'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-2606814459057653120</id><published>2009-02-05T22:46:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T22:46:39.714+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water'/><title type='text'>The Future of Water Filtration</title><content type='html'>The current major concerns in regard to water quality are lead and disinfection byproducts (Binnie et al, 2002). Lead is a key operational and treatment concern for municipal water treatment plants. It cannot be considered independently of other water quality and treatment issues. In fact, it seems that water disinfection and protection from lead infiltration are at odds with each other. The pH level required for disinfection must be below 8.0, but the pH level required to minimize lead solvency in plumbing systems is often 8.0 or higher. Water treatment plants provide clean, disinfected water to home plumbing systems, but this water is immediately contaminated from lead as it passes through the plumbing system. The solution to this problem may be the removal of lead from plumbing systems, a factor that would completely revolutionize the plumbing industry.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The rising concern over chlorine byproducts is also likely to affect the future of water filtration. It has long been recognized that chlorination of water results in the formation of THMs. THMs are harmful chemicals that form as a reaction between chlorine and natural, organic materials in water. The most well-known of the THMs is the poison chloroform. This poisonous gas, detrimental to the respiratory system when inhaled, is one of the most important reasons for the installation of shower filters or whole house water filters. It is likely that future research will find other byproducts of chlorination, and the use of chlorine for disinfection could be restricted.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Though these are all speculations, water filtration and treatment will, doubtlessly, continue to evolve in the future. The most important future development may well be the complete transformation of water filtration technology from municipal water treatment plants to whole house water filters, or a combination of the two systems.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-2606814459057653120?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/2606814459057653120'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/2606814459057653120'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/02/future-of-water-filtration.html' title='The Future of Water Filtration'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-4392172338421445030</id><published>2009-02-05T22:45:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T22:46:03.866+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water'/><title type='text'>Water Filtration in the Present - Whole House Water Filter Systems</title><content type='html'>Despite government regulations and incredible advancements in water technology, the water issuing from home taps is still quite contaminated. Although municipal water treatment plants are intended to provide clean, healthy water to all city residents, such plants must work with heavily contaminated water. The water contains disease-bearing pathogens, pesticide chemicals, and industrial sludge, to name only a few of modern water contaminants.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;City officials must provide the healthiest water to municipal residents which modern technology affords. Considering the dirty water with which they have to work, this task can be quite daunting. Disinfection and disease control remain the main goals of such water treatment plants. Consequently, city residents receive chlorinated, and often fluoridated, water. Chlorine has been linked to asthma and other respiratory diseases, and excessive fluoride intake can lead to yellowed teeth, dental problems, and other serious health problems for young children.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;City water treatment plants are simply unable to provide pure, chemical-free water to city residents. Even when water is purified at a municipal water treatment plant, it often picks up lead and other chemicals when traveling through a home’s plumbing system. While shower filters are a viable solution for the removal of chlorine from showering water, the best, and most modern, available water filtration technology lies in whole house filtration systems. These water filtration systems are installed in individual homes. They filter water as it reaches a home’s plumbing system, removing chlorine byproducts, tiny organic materials, and any other unwanted chemicals. They provide the purest form of water available. In fact, water filtered through a whole house water filter has begun to fulfill Hippocrates’s vision of great-tasting, clean water.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-4392172338421445030?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/4392172338421445030'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/4392172338421445030'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/02/water-filtration-in-present-whole-house.html' title='Water Filtration in the Present - Whole House Water Filter Systems'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-2580437787005876232</id><published>2009-02-05T22:45:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T22:45:30.953+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water'/><title type='text'>The Clean Water Act of 1972</title><content type='html'>As the 20th century progressed, more and more metropolitan areas in the world found it necessary to install water treatment plants in order to provide clean, healthy water to their residents. It became a general principle in the developed world that every person had the right to clean, pure water. There was no universal standard or definition for clean, pure water. Many city officials, as they noted the disinfecting power of chlorine, believed that providing disinfected, yet untreated, water to city residents was their only responsibility.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Environmental concerns rose in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s that would greatly affect the definition of clean, pure water and the responsibility of the government to provide such water. In the early 1970s, environmental lobbyists in the United States began to see results in their fight for the environment. Multiple environmental acts passed through Congress in rapid succession, including the formation of Earth Day as a national holiday, the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the passage of the Clean Air Act, and, most important to the history of water filters, the passage of the Clean Water Act of 1972 (Outwater, 1996).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Clean Water Act, like the discovery of the microscope and the disastrous effects of cholera and typhoid epidemics throughout the world, sparked renewed interest in water filtration. It became law that every city in the nation install a water treatment plant, and it became a national goal to have clean water, once more, by 1985 (Outwater, 1996).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because industrial waste was viewed as the main culprit of contaminated water, industrial plants were the main targets of the law. Over the next few decades, the U.S. government expended billions of dollars in grants to industries to create environment-friendly waste management techniques. Cities were also given grant money to install water treatment plants. Eventually, the sludge in the rivers and water supplies of the nation began to disappear.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-2580437787005876232?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/2580437787005876232'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/2580437787005876232'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/02/clean-water-act-of-1972.html' title='The Clean Water Act of 1972'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-5377821881967478258</id><published>2009-02-05T22:44:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T22:45:01.123+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Treatment'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water'/><title type='text'>The Use of Chlorine to Purify Water</title><content type='html'>As municipal water treatment facilities sought to increase the quality and healthfulness of public water supplies, more and more cities began to implement chlorine into their water treatment process. Chlorine was first recognized as a valuable chemical in treating water when John Snow used it to purify the cholera-causing water of the Broad Street Pump. Noting the disinfecting nature of chlorine and its ability to curb cholera deaths, government officials in Great Britain began to chlorinate the public drinking water. This application of chlorine resulted in a sharp decline in deaths from typhoid, as well (Christman, 1998).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After the tremendous success of drinking water chlorination in England, chlorination began in New Jersey and soon spread through the entire United States. Chlorination of drinking water, combined with the use of sand water filters resulted in the virtual elimination of such waterborne diseases as cholera, typhoid, and dysentery. In fact, chlorine was so effective at eliminating the outbreak and spread of waterborne diseases that Life magazine named water chlorination as “probably the most significant public health advance of the millennium” (Christman, 1998).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chlorine has now been a major part of municipal water treatment for nearly 100 years. About 98% of municipal water treatment facilities now use chlorine disinfectant as their disinfectant of choice, and about 200 million U.S. residents receive chlorinated drinking water through their home faucets (Christman, 1998).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Scientists are now beginning to examine the possible byproducts and side effects of using chlorine in drinking water. Chlorine is listed as a known poison; it undoubtedly has an adverse effect on our body systems. Chlorinated water has been linked to the aggravation and cause of respiratory diseases like asthma. Also, because chlorine vaporizes at a much faster rate than water, chlorinated water presents a significant threat to the respiratory system when used for showering. Recent discoveries of the health concerns of chlorine have led many people to install shower filters or whole house water filter systems into their homes. Such installations are the next step in the evolution of water filtration technology.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-5377821881967478258?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/5377821881967478258'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/5377821881967478258'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/02/use-of-chlorine-to-purify-water.html' title='The Use of Chlorine to Purify Water'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-7103667667204859349</id><published>2009-02-05T22:43:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T22:44:13.218+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water'/><title type='text'>The Effect of the Scottish Enlightenment on Water Filter Technology</title><content type='html'>It is no coincidence that the first municipal water treatment plant was designed and installed in Scotland. Many of the greatest philosophers and scientists of the eighteenth century hailed from Scotland. Historians typically term the period between 1740 and 1800 the Scottish Enlightenment because of the outpouring of scientific thought from Scotland.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After the Act of Union of 1707, which joined Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and England under the inclusive union of Great Britain, Scotland, traditionally known as one of the most backward nations in Europe, joined in the general fervor and scientific discovery of the Enlightenment (Buchan, 2003). In this period, David Hume, the Scottish philosopher and historian, outlined the tenets of the modern-day scientific method, and Adam Smith, the famous British economist, published his revolutionary economic theory that is the foundation of modern-day, free-trade economics.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A lesser known scientist and engineer, destined only to make the chronicles of water filtration history, also came from this era of Scottish Enlightenment. Robert Thom, advancing upon the technology of small-scale, slow sand filters, designed the first, citywide, water filtration plant. His plant was able to provide filtered, pathogen-free water to the entire city of Paisley, Scotland.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thom’s success in designing a municipal water treatment plant, added to the scientific evidence that had proven decreases in waterborne diseases as a result of filtered water, led to the passage of the Metropolis Water Act of 1852 (Binnie, Kimber, &amp;amp; Smethurst, 2002). This law, the first of its kind, required that all water supplied to London be treated by slow sand filtration.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thom provided a revolutionary water filtration design that would change the face of water treatment history.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-7103667667204859349?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/7103667667204859349'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/7103667667204859349'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/02/effect-of-scottish-enlightenment-on.html' title='The Effect of the Scottish Enlightenment on Water Filter Technology'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-337653678062385922</id><published>2009-02-05T22:43:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T22:43:39.291+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water'/><title type='text'>The Advent of Municipal Water Treatment</title><content type='html'>Long before Snow linked cholera deaths to poor water quality, people were beginning to suggest that pure water be provided to every household through some sort of citywide water filtration. The supposition that every person deserved clean water to drink and bathe in was related to the general philosophical themes of the Enlightenment period in Europe. During the Age of Enlightenment of the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries, philosophers ruminated over the natural rights of all humanity. The right to clean, pure water began to be associated with these innate rights of all humanity. Such philosophical discussions led the French scientist La Hire to propose that every French household have a sand water filter installed that would provide clean water to that household. Sand filters had become the most popular method of water filtration throughout many European towns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About 100 years after La Hire first suggested that all citizens should be given the right to pure water, government officials in the United Kingdom began to wonder, also, if every household in their domain should be provided with some kind of filtered water. In 1804, the first citywide, municipal water treatment plant was installed in Paisley, Scotland (Baker &amp;amp; Taras, 1981). This plant would provide filtered water to every household within the city limits. The Scottish water treatment plant depended upon slow sand filters designed by Robert Thom, an important scientist of the Scottish Enlightenment. In 1827, James Simpson, an English scientist, created a similar design to Thom’s, and the Simpson water filter models were soon implemented in municipal water treatment plants throughout England.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The slow sand water filters designed by Thom and Simpson were very large and required frequent and extensive cleaning. Because of the growing need for filtered water, scientists in the United States designed a rapid sand filter in the late nineteenth century (Baker &amp;amp; Taras, 1981). The rapid sand filter was cleaned by powerful jet streams of water, greatly increasing the efficiency and capacity of the water filter.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-337653678062385922?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/337653678062385922'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/337653678062385922'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/02/advent-of-municipal-water-treatment.html' title='The Advent of Municipal Water Treatment'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-2570032066618504576</id><published>2009-02-05T22:42:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T22:43:04.706+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water'/><title type='text'>The Use of the Microscope in Water Filter History</title><content type='html'>Anton van Leeuwenhoek used his discovery of the microscope to see and describe the teeming life in a single drop of water. Robert Hooke, considered the English father of microscopy, confirmed Leeuwenhoek’s descriptions of tiny, living organisms in a drop of water and further refined the microscope. Soon scientists were examining tiny particles of life they had never before seen nor known existed prior to the invention of the microscope.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The microscope has an interesting place in water filter history. In mid-19th century London, where diseases ran rampant because of the tight quarters of the working class, city officials began to link the spread of cholera to poor drinking water quality (Baker &amp;amp; Taras, 1981). In areas where sand water filters had been installed, the outbreak of cholera had greatly decreased. To further corroborate this conclusion, John Snow, a British scientist, was able to link several cholera deaths to water from the Broad Street Pump, a nearby water pump that had become contaminated by a leaking sewer (Baker &amp;amp; Taras, 1981). Using a microscope, he was able to confirm the presence of tiny cholera bacteria in the water. Ironically, this water came from a pump that had been noted throughout the city for its overall good taste and quality. This instance proved once more that the taste and visual clarity of water does not necessarily indicate purity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As British government officials noted the effect of water quality on cholera outbreaks, both through Snow’s discovery and through the evidence of decreasing cases of cholera where sand water filters had been installed, they mandated the installation of sand water filters throughout the city. This mandate was one of the first instances of government regulation of public water and would set a precedent for municipal water systems.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-2570032066618504576?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/2570032066618504576'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/2570032066618504576'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/02/use-of-microscope-in-water-filter.html' title='The Use of the Microscope in Water Filter History'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-2093143271684912752</id><published>2009-02-05T22:42:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T22:42:31.146+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water'/><title type='text'>A Great Discovery in Water Filtration History</title><content type='html'>The Renaissance period, beginning in the late fourteenth century, ended the scientific and intellectual stagnation of the Dark Ages and sparked a new period of discovery. In this period, often called the Age of Discovery, several inventions came about that greatly affected the world. Included among these inventions was the microscope, a scientific innovation that greatly affected the history of water filters.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Long before the actual use of a microscope as we know it today, people had recognized the power of concave glass to make items appear larger and to focus heat from the sun. This discovery was little used until the advent of spectacles in the mid-thirteenth century. It wasn't until the late sixteenth century that such concave pieces of glass, or “lenses” as they were called, became relevant to the history of microscopy, and, consequently, to the history of water filters. In 1590, two Dutch spectacle makers, Zaccharias Janssen and his son Hans, began experimenting with lenses in a tube and found that they could greatly magnify objects viewed through the tube (Wilson, 1995). This invention was the forerunner to modern-day telescopes and microscopes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A century later, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, considered the father of microscopy, built upon the Janssen’s simple invention. By grinding and polishing the tiny curved lenses, he was able to reach magnifications of up to 270 times the original object (Wilson, 1995). This advanced microscope had a great effect upon the study of water purity and water filtration. Scientists were now able to view tiny material particles present in water that had been presumed to be clean.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-2093143271684912752?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/2093143271684912752'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/2093143271684912752'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/02/great-discovery-in-water-filtration.html' title='A Great Discovery in Water Filtration History'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-3673438741163226066</id><published>2009-02-05T22:41:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2010-12-31T07:17:20.523+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water'/><title type='text'>Water Treatment in the Middle Ages</title><content type='html'>The ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome designed amazing aqueducts to route water pathways and provide the first municipal water systems. On the American continent, archeological evidence suggests that the ancient Mayan civilization used similar aqueduct technology to provide water to urban residents. Further advancements in water technology ended, for the most part, with the fall of these civilizations. During the Middle Ages, few experiments were attempted in water purification or filtration. Devout Catholicism throughout Europe marked this time period, often known as the Dark Ages due to the lack of scientific innovations and experiments. Because of the low level of scientific experimentation, the future for water purification and filtration seemed very dark.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first record of experimentation in &lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/en/products/water-filters.html"&gt;water filtration&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, after the blight of the Dark Ages, came from Sir Francis Bacon in 1627 (Baker &amp;amp; Taras, 1981). Hearing rumors that the salty water of the ocean could be purified and cleansed for drinking water purposes, he began experimenting in the desalination of seawater. Using a sand filter method, Bacon believed that if he dug a hole near the shore through which seawater would pass, sand particles (presumable heavier than salt particles) would obstruct the passage of salt in the upward passage of the water; the other side of the hole would then provide pure, salt-free water. Sadly, his hypothesis did not prove true, and Bacon was left with salty, undrinkable water. His experiment did mark rejuvenation in water filter experimentation. Later scientists would follow his lead and continue to experiment with water filtration technology.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 78%;"&gt;Source: http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com/water-treatment-past.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-3673438741163226066?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/3673438741163226066'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/3673438741163226066'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/02/water-treatment-in-middle-ages.html' title='Water Treatment in the Middle Ages'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-7130420504692680229</id><published>2009-02-05T22:40:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T22:41:11.154+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water'/><title type='text'>Early Water Treatment</title><content type='html'>The earliest recorded attempts to find or generate pure water date back to 2000 b.c.e.. Early Sanskrit writings outlined methods for purifying water. These methods ranged from boiling or placing hot metal instruments in water before drinking it to filtering that water through crude sand or charcoal filters (Baker &amp;amp; Taras, 1981). These writings suggest that the major motive in purifying water was to provide better tasting drinking water. It was assumed that good tasting water was also clean. People did not yet connect impure water with disease nor did they have the technology necessary to recognize tasteless yet harmful organisms and sentiments in water.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Centuries later, Hippocrates, the famed father of medicine, began to conduct his own experiments in water purification. He created the theory of the “four humors,” or essential fluids, of the body that related directly to the four temperatures of the seasons. According to Hippocrates, in order to maintain good health, these four humors should be kept in balance. As a part of his theory of the four humors, Hippocrates recognized the healing power of water. For feverish patients, he often recommended a bath in cool water. Such a bath would realign the temperature and harmony of the four humors. Hippocrates acknowledged that the water available in Greek aqueducts was far from pure in its quality. Like the ancients before him, Hippocrates also believed good taste in water meant cleanliness and purity of that water. Hippocrates designed his own crude water filter to “purify” the water he used for his patients. Later known as the “Hippocratic sleeve,” this filter was a cloth bag through which water could be poured after being boiled (Baker &amp;amp; Taras, 1981). The cloth would trap any sentiments in the water that were causing bad taste or smell.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Source: http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com/early-water-treatment.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-7130420504692680229?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/7130420504692680229'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/7130420504692680229'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/02/early-water-treatment.html' title='Early Water Treatment'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-8436070677791424696</id><published>2009-02-05T22:39:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2009-02-05T22:40:15.519+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water'/><title type='text'>How did our water get so dirty?</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family:Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:100%;color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:-1;"&gt;In 1972, the United States legislature passed                    the &lt;a href="http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com/biography-glossary.html" target="blank"&gt;Clean Water Act&lt;/a&gt;                    due to a crisis in the nation’s water purity. The purpose of                    the act was to restore the chemical, biological, and physical                    nature of our nation’s waterways that had been so damaged by                    pollution. The goal of the act was that, by 1985, no more pollutants                    would be discharged into the water supply and all of our nation’s                    rivers, streams, and lakes would be fishable and swimmable once                    more. Every city was required to install a water treatment plant,                    and every industry was required to use the best available technology                    to limit the amount of pollutants that entered water sources                    (Outwater, 1996). Under these stringent demands, water quality                    began to improve slightly. Still, almost two decades after the                    year of supposed goal fulfillment, about a third of the nation’s                    waterways continue to be polluted.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;                 &lt;br /&gt;                  There is no doubt that industrial sites have cleaned up their                    act. They would no longer be in business today if they had not.                    So, why is our nation’s water still so dirty? The answer is                    very simple. Water follows a natural cycle. It moves from the                    rain to the mountaintops, through streams and rivers to the                    sea, and then to the clouds once more. In the United States,                    the natural water cycle has been changed in a number of ways.                    Through dredging, damming, and tampering with or eliminating                    the ecological niches where water is able to clean itself, we                    have changed the pathways that water takes through the American                    landscape, greatly benefiting agriculture and the American economy.                    In the long run, we have ended up with dirty, impure water.                    Water treatment remains as the best available technology we                    have to rectify this problem.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Source: http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com/water-why-dirty.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-8436070677791424696?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/8436070677791424696'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/8436070677791424696'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/02/how-did-our-water-get-so-dirty.html' title='How did our water get so dirty?'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-8677768207177858969</id><published>2009-02-05T22:26:00.005+07:00</published><updated>2010-12-31T07:16:35.006+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='เครื่องกรองน้ำ'/><title type='text'>วิธีการเลือกเครื่องกรองน้ำ</title><content type='html'>การเลือกใช้&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/water-filters.html"&gt;&lt;b&gt;เครื่องกรองน้ำ&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/a&gt; มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อให้ได้น้ำที่สะอาดและปลอดภัย และวิธีการกรองก็เป็นอีกวิธีหนึ่งที่นิยมใช้กันทั่วไป ดังนั้นเราควรมีความรู้พื้นฐานในเรื่องประเภทของเครื่องกรองน้ำในครัวเรือน ไว้บ้างก็จะดี ซึ่งจะช่วยทำให้เราสามารถตัดสินใจเลือกซื้อเครื่องกรองน้ำได้ตรงตามความต้อง การสำหรับการใช้งาน&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ก่อนอื่นคุณต้องทำความรู้จักกับสิ่งปนเปื้อนในน้ำกันก่อนว่ามีอะไรบ้าง ที่เครื่องกรองน้ำนั้นสามารถกรองได้ และอะไรที่กรองไม่ได้ ซึ่งในน้ำนั้นมีสารปนเปื้อนที่เป็นสาเหตุที่อาจทำให้เราเจ็บป่วยได้ หากเราดื่มน้ำที่มีสารปนเปื้อนถึง Micron = 0.001 มิลลิเมตร&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: blue;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;สารกรองและไส้กรองชนิดต่างๆ ใน&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/water-filters.html"&gt;เครื่องกรองน้ำ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/manganese-sand.html"&gt;&lt;u&gt;สารกรองแมงกานีส&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt; กำจัดสารโลหะ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งสารละลายเหล็ก และยังเติมออกซิเจนให้กับน้ำ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/anthracite.html"&gt;&lt;u&gt;สารกรองแอนทราไซต์&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt; กำจัดตะกอนและสนิมเหล็ก&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/water-filter-cartridges.html"&gt;&lt;u&gt;ไส้กรอง&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;               - &lt;/span&gt;สารกรองคาร์บอน ใช้กรองตะกอน กลิ่น สี คลอรีน และสารอินทรีย์&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;               - &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/ion-exchange-resin.html"&gt;สารกรองเรซิ่น&lt;/a&gt; กรองหินปูน ลดความกระด้างในน้ำและดูบซับสี&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;               - &lt;/span&gt;ไส้กรองเซรามิค กรองเชื้อโรคในน้ำได้เป็นอย่างดี เช่นเชื้อจุลินทรีย์ แบคทีเรียบางชนิด มีความละเอียดในการกรอง 30 ไมครอน&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;               - &lt;/span&gt;ไส้กรองด้ายพัน กรองสารอินทรีย์ต่างๆ กรวด หิน ดิน ทราย มีความละเอียดในการกรอง 5 ไมครอน&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;               - &lt;/span&gt;ไส้กรองจีบ กรองกรวด หิน ดิน ทราย และสนิม ทำความสะอาดง่าย มีความละเอียดในการกรอง 30 ไมครอน&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: black;"&gt;               - &lt;/span&gt;ไส้กรองเมมเบรน กรองสารละลายสารปนเปื้อน เชื้อไวรัส แบคทีเรีย และยังสามารถกรองน้ำเค็มให้จืดสนิท มีความละเอียดในการกรอง 0.0001 ไมครอน&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="8" class="fontblacksm"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="fontblacksm"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr valign="top"&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="fontbold"&gt;ชนิดของเครื่องกรองกับการเลือกใช้งาน             &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: maroon;"&gt;เครื่องกรองเล็ก&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;          เหมาะสำหรับการกรองน้ำไว้สำหรับดื่มและใช้ในครอบครัวค่ะ ซึ่งเครื่องกรองเล็กนั้น มีขั้นตอนการกรอง 3 ขั้นตอน โดยหลักๆ ก็จะมีการกรองผ่าน คาร์บอน เรซิ่น และเซรามิคส์ ซึ่งถ้าคุณต้องการเพิ่มขั้นตอนการกรองระบบ UV เพื่อให้น้ำที่กรองมาแล้วปราศจากเชื้อโรคก็ได้นะคะ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: maroon;"&gt;เครื่องกรองใหญ่&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;เครื่องกรองใหญ่ส่วนมากแล้วผู้คนส่วนใหญ่นิยมใช้กรองน้ำใช้กันมากว่าค่ะ เนื่องจากบางบ้านที่อยู่กันเป็นครอบครัวใหญ่ หรืออาจเป็นร้านค้า ศูนย์อาหาร ภัตตาคารต่างๆ ที่ต้องการใช้น้ำสะอาดเป็นจำนวนมาก เหมาะสำหรับใช้กับน้ำประปาและน้ำบาดาล โดยเลือกใช้เครื่องกรองใหญ่จะคุ้มที่สุดค่ะ ซึ่งขั้นตอนการกรองของเครื่องกรองใหญ่ก็เหมือนกับเครื่องกรองเล็กค่ะ ทั้งนี้ก็ขึ้นอยู่ว่าคุณต้องการกรองน้ำกี่ขั้นตอนดี&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/industrial-reverse-osmosis-systems.html"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: maroon;"&gt;เครื่องกรอง RO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;การทำงานของระบบ Reverse Osmosis เป็นการกรองอย่างละเอียดถึง 5 ขั้นตอนซึ่งประกอบด้วย Sediment Filter – Carbon Filter – Cation Resin – Membrane Filter – Post Carbon ที่ให้คุณภาพน้ำสะอาดบริสุทธิ์ถึง 99.999 % ด้วยความละเอียดของไส้เมมเบรนถึง 0.0001 ไมครอน สามารถติดตั้งใต้ซิ้งค์และง่ายต่อการใช้งาน&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: maroon;"&gt;เครื่องกรอง UV&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/uv-sterilizers.html"&gt;เครื่องกรองยูวี&lt;/a&gt;เป็นการกรองสำหรับการฆ่าเชื้อโรคที่ผ่านแสงอัลตร้าไวโอเล็ต หรือแสง UV ซึ่งการกรองแบบยูวีนั้น มีการพัฒนามาจากเครื่องกรองเล็กและเครื่องกรองระบบ RO โดยการเพิ่มตัวยูวีเข้าไปค่ะ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;เมื่อเลือกใช้&lt;b&gt;เครื่องกรองน้ำ&lt;/b&gt;ได้ตรงกับความต้องการ และบำรุงรักษาได้ถูกต้องตามคู่มือของเครื่องกรองน้ำแล้ว คุณก็จะสามารถนำน้ำที่ผ่านจากกระบวนการกรองนั้น ไปบริโภคได้ทันทีอย่างปลอดภัย โดยไม่ต้องผ่านกรรมวิธีอื่นอีกต่อไป&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;td align="right"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;      &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;      &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;      &lt;td&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="fontblacksm"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr valign="top"&gt;                           &lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="fontbold"&gt;&lt;a href="" name="อายุการใช้งานของไส้กรองและสารกรอง"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;อายุการใช้งานของไส้กรองและสารกรอง             &lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;หลังจากที่ได้ใช้เครื่องกรองน้ำไปแล้ว สิ่งสำคัญที่ลืมไม่ได้เด็ดขาดคือ เรื่องระยะเวลาการเปลี่ยนสารกรองและไส้กรอง เพราะสารกรองและไส้กรองก็มีอายุการใช้งานเหมือนกัน แต่ทั้งนี้ทั้งนั้นก็ขึ้นอยู่กับสภาพของน้ำที่ผ่านเครื่องกรองด้วย ทางที่ดีเราควรเปลี่ยนสารกรองและไส้กรองให้ตรงตามกำหนดเวลา&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;ลำดับชนิดของไส้กรอง ระยะเวลาที่ควรเปลี่ยน&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;               1. ไส้กรอง 2 in 1 3 - 6 เดือน&lt;br /&gt;2. ไส้กรองจีบ 3 - 6 เดือน&lt;br /&gt;3. ไส้กรองด้ายพัน P5 3 - 6 เดือน&lt;br /&gt;4. ไส้กรองด้ายพัน 3 - 6 เดือน&lt;br /&gt;5. ไส้กรองคาร์บอน 1 ปี&lt;br /&gt;6. ไส้กรองเรซิ่น 1 ปี&lt;br /&gt;7. ไส้กรองเซรามิคส์ 1 - 1 ปีครึ่ง&lt;br /&gt;8. ไส้กรองเมมเบรน 1 - 1 ปีครึ่ง&lt;br /&gt;9. สารกรองคาร์บอน 1 ปี&lt;br /&gt;10. สารกรองแอนทราไซด์ 1 ปี&lt;br /&gt;11. สารกรองแมงกานิส 1 ปี&lt;br /&gt;12. สารกรองเรซิ่น 1 ปี&lt;br /&gt;13. โพสคาร์บอน 2 ปี &lt;/td&gt;       &lt;td align="right"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;      &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;      &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;      &lt;td&gt;&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="fontblacksm"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr valign="top"&gt;                           &lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="fontbold"&gt;&lt;a href="" name="วิธีการเลือกซื้อเครื่องกรองน้ำ"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;วิธีการเลือกซื้อเครื่องกรองน้ำ             &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;          &lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: teal;"&gt;สภาพน้ำที่ใช้อยู่&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; เช่น น้ำประปา หรือน้ำบาดาล หากเป็นน้ำประปาทั่วไป ควรใช้แบบ RO. หรือ UF. เพราะออกแบบไส้กรองกรองต่าง ๆ มาสำหรับใช้กับน้ำประปาโดยตรง แต่หากเป็นน้ำบาดาล ควรปรึกษาผู้ชำนาญการเพื่อทำการวิเคราะห์สภาพน้ำว่ามีความเป็นกรด หรือด่างหรือไม่ หรือมีหินปูนมากน้อยแค่ไหน เพื่อจะได้เพิ่มสารกรอง หรือไส้กรอง จำพวกเรซิน ลงไป โดยเราก็จะได้เครื่องกรองน้ำที่ใช้กับสภาพน้ำนั้น ๆ ได้จริง&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: teal;"&gt;ราคา &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;หาก มีความต้องการเครื่องน้ำอย่างดีที่สุด ต้องเป็นแบบ RO. เพราะสะอาดที่สุดมั่นใจได้ 100% รองลงมาราคาย่อมเยาหน่อยก็เป็นแบบ UF นอกเหนือจากนี้ไม่อยากแนะนำเนื่องจากอาจจะได้คุณภาพน้ำที่ไม่คุ้มค่าเงิน แล้วยังไม่จำเป็นหรือเกินความจำเป็น&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: teal;"&gt;คุณภาพของเครื่องที่ใช้ร่วมกับระบบการกรองต่าง ๆ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; เนื่องจากปัจจุบัน ได้มีการออกแบบเพิ่มเติมความสะดวกต่าง ๆ เช่น เป็นระบบน้ำร้อนหรือน้ำเย็น ต้องดูว่าถังน้ำร้อน หรือน้ำเย็น เป็นสเตนเลสหรือไม่ หรือมีการใช้ตะกั่วเป็นการเชื่อมรอยต่อหรือไม่ เพราะหากใช้สารตะกั่วหรือผสมตะกัวในถังน้ำร้อนหรือน้ำเย็น อาจทำให้เราได้รับสารตะกั่วเข้าร่างกายตลอดเวลา จะเป็นผลให้การพัฒนการทางสมองต่าง ๆ ช้าไปด้วย โดยเฉพาะกับเด็ก&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: teal;"&gt;การรับประกันต่าง ๆ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; โดยปกติระบบการกรองน้ำจะไม่มีการรับประกัน เนื่องจากขึ้นอยู่กับสภาพน้ำในแต่ละที่&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: teal;"&gt;รูปทรงต่าง ๆ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; เพื่อให้เหมาะกับสภาพการใช้งานในบ้าน ซึ่งปัจจุบันมีการออกแบบใหม่ ๆ เพื่อให้สวยงาม และเข้ากับทุกพื้นที่&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt; &lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;          &lt;/span&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style="color: teal;"&gt;การบริการหลังการขาย&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; มีการบริการเปลี่ยนไส้กรอง หรือมีไส้กรองขายให้หลังจากซื้อเครื่องแล้วหรือไม่ หากต้องการความสะดวกสบายก็ใช้บริการกับบริษัทฯ ต่าง ๆ ที่ให้บริการถึงที่บ้าน และมีการเช็คคุณภาพน้ำให้ทุกครั้งที่มีการเปลียนไส้กรอง หรือเข้าไปบริการ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: Arial;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 78%; font-style: italic;"&gt;ข้อมูลจาก: http://guru.sanook.com/pedia/topic/วิธีการเลือกเครื่องกรองน้ำ/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-8677768207177858969?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/8677768207177858969'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/8677768207177858969'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/02/blog-post.html' title='วิธีการเลือกเครื่องกรองน้ำ'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-3389992747514806018</id><published>2009-02-03T05:25:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-02-01T05:28:21.945+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Membrane'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='RO เมมเบรน'/><title type='text'>การเตรียมคุณภาพน้ำดิบสำหรับ RO เมมเบรน</title><content type='html'>น้ำดิบที่จะส่งเข้ากรองด้วย &lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/membranes.html"&gt;RO เมมเบรน&lt;/a&gt;นั้น จะต้องมีคุณภาพดี ไม่มีสิ่งแขวนลอยที่จะเข้าไปอุดตัน&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/membranes.html"&gt;เมมเบรน&lt;/a&gt; ต้องไม่มีเชื้อแบคทีเรียเข้าไปติดค้างเจริญเติบโตและทำลายเมมเบรน ต้องไม่มีสารเกลือแร่ที่จะเกิดการตกตะกรันเคลือบผิวหน้าเมมเบรน ต้องไม่มีคลอรีนหลงเหลือ ซึ่งสามารถทำลายเมมเบรนด้วยการเกิดออกซิเดชัน และต้องไม่มีสารประเภทไขมันเข้าไปอุดตันและทำลายเมมเบรน การป้องกันสิ่งต่างๆสามารถทำได้ดังต่อไปนี้&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. การกำจัดสารแขวนลอย ในการวัดว่าน้ำมีความสะอาดพอที่จะส่งเข้ากรองใน RO เมมเบรนโดยที่ไม่ทำให้เกิดการอุดตันนั้น คือ “ Silt Density Index” หรือ SDI การหา SDI  ค่า SDI ของน้ำดิบที่เหมาะสม ไม่ควรเกิน 5.0 เมมเบรนบางชนิดอาจจะกำหนดไว้ไม่เกิน 3.0&lt;br /&gt;2. การกำจัดแบคทีเรีย แบคทีเรียหรือสารชีวภาพ ( Biological Matters) จะก่อให้เกิดปัญหากับผิวของ RO. เมมเบรน ซึ่งจะเกิดการเกาะจับตัว ( Fouling ) และเกิดการย่อยสลายผิวของเมมเบรน เนื่องจากวัสดุที่ใช้ทำเมมเบรนนั้นเป็นพวกสารอินทรีย์ จะมีผลทำให้ประสิทธิภาพการกรองและการสกัดสารละลายต่ำลง วิธีการกำจัดแบคทีเรียที่นิยมใช้มีอยู่ด้วยกันดังนี้ คือ&lt;br /&gt;2.1 การฆ่าด้วยคลอรีน การเติมคลอรีนให้มีคลอรีนอิสระเหลืออยู่ประมาณ 0.5 มก./ล. จะทำลายสารชีวภาพได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ แต่ถ้าคลอรีนอิสระหลุดเข้าไปใน RO. เมมเบรนแบบ TFC แล้ว ก็จะทำลายผิวเมมเบรน&lt;br /&gt;2.2 &lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/uv-sterilizers.html"&gt;การฆ่าด้วยรัวสี UV&lt;/a&gt; เป็นวิธีการที่นิยมกันแพร่หลาย เนื่องจากจะไม่เกิด Byproducts ขึ้นมา รังสี UV ที่มีประสิทธิภาพในการฆ่าแบคทีเรียดีที่สุด มีความยาวคลื่นแสงที่ 254 Nanometers (nm) และความเข้มข้นของแสง UV ในการฆ่าที่มีผลดีจะอยู่ระหว่าง 40-80 Microwatts/cm2 –Second การฆ่าจะให้ผลดีที่สุดถ้าน้ำใสสะอาดปราศจากสารแขวนลอย&lt;br /&gt;3. การกำจัดคลอรีน การมีคลอรีนอิสระเข้าไปในเมมเบรนจะเกิดการออกซิเดชัน ทำให้ผิวเมมเบรนเสื่อมคุณภาพ การกำจัดคลอรีนทำได้โดย&lt;br /&gt;3.1 เติมสารละลาย Sodium Bisulfite ( NaHSO3 ) ลงไปในน้ำก่อนเข้า RO คลอรีนจะถูกออกซิไดซ์เป็นเกลือคลอไรด์&lt;br /&gt;3.2 กรองด้วยถ่านกัมมันต์ ซึ่งคลอรีนจะถูกดูดซับไว้ด้วยถ่านกัมมันต์ และวิธีการนี้อาจจะมีข้อเสีย คือ ถ้าแบคทีเรียถูกทำลายไม่หมด และตกค้างอยู่ในชั้นถ่าน ก็จะเจริญเติบโต ทำให้เกิดปัญหาตามมาอีก&lt;br /&gt;4. การกำจัดน้ำมันและไขมัน น้ำมันและไขมันเมื่อเข้าสู่เมมเบรน จะทำลายผิวหน้าของเมมเบรนให้เสื่อมคุณภาพเช่นเดียวกัน&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-3389992747514806018?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/3389992747514806018'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/3389992747514806018'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/02/ro.html' title='การเตรียมคุณภาพน้ำดิบสำหรับ RO เมมเบรน'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-9047979288881441928</id><published>2009-02-01T05:23:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2011-02-01T05:25:42.329+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='เรซิ่น'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Ion Exchange Resin'/><title type='text'>อายุการใช้งานของ Ion Exchange Resin</title><content type='html'>อายุการใช้งานของ &lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/ion-exchange-resin.html"&gt;Ion Exchange Resin&lt;/a&gt; ขึ้นอยู่กับคุณภาพของน้ำที่ใช้และการล้างคืนประจุ น้ำที่มีธาตุเหล็กและแมงกานีสสูงจะเกิดการ Fouling ( ทำให้ปนเปื้อนหรือสกปรก) ใน Cation Exchange และการล้างคืนประจุต้องมีประสิทธิภาพ มิฉะนั้นอายุการใช้งานของ Cation Exchange จะสั้น น้ำที่ไม่สะอาดมีพวกแบคทีเรียเจือปนจะทำลายคุณภาพของ&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/ion-exchange-resin.html"&gt;Ion Exchange Resin&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;เช่นเดียวกัน น้ำที่ผ่านการฆ่าเชื้อโรคโดยการใช้คลอรีน ถ้ามีคลอรีนเหลือมากกว่า 0.5 มก./ล. ก็จะทำลายคุณภาพและประสิทธิภาพของ&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/ion-exchange-resin.html"&gt;Ion Exchange Resin&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;เช่นเดียวกัน ถ้าน้ำที่ใช้มีคุณภาพดี อายุของ Cation Exchange จะอยู่ได้นาน ในระหว่างการใช้งาน&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/ion-exchange-resin.html"&gt;Ion Exchange Resin&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;ส่วนหนึ่งจะแตกหัก และบางส่วนจะสูญหายไปในระหว่างการล้างกลับ ดังนั้นจึงจำเป็นต้องมีการตรวจสอบและเพิ่มเติม&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/ion-exchange-resin.html"&gt;Ion Exchange Resin&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;ลงไปเพื่อให้มีจำนวนคงที่&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-9047979288881441928?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/9047979288881441928'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/9047979288881441928'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/02/ion-exchange-resin-life-cycle.html' title='อายุการใช้งานของ Ion Exchange Resin'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-2331586853513789982</id><published>2009-02-01T05:16:00.000+07:00</published><updated>2011-02-01T05:17:00.953+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='สารกรอง'/><title type='text'>การใช้สารกรอง</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang="TH" style="color: #660000; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;;"&gt;การเลือกใช้&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span color:#660000'="" ms="" sans="" serif";="" serif'","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"microsoft="" style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/water-filter-media.html"&gt;&lt;span lang="TH" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;;"&gt;สารกรอง&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span color:#660000'="" ms="" sans="" serif";="" serif'","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"microsoft="" style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;I. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang="TH" style="color: #660000; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;;"&gt;การกรองเพื่อขจัดสารแขวนลอย&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span "microsoft="" ms="" sans="" serif";color:#660000'="" serif'","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:="" style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 12.0pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span ms="" mso-bidi-font-family:"microsoft="" sans="" serif";color:#660000'="" serif'","serif";="" style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;1.&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/sand.html"&gt;&lt;span lang="TH" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;;"&gt;ทรายคัดเบอร์&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;( Silica Sand )&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="TH" style="color: #660000; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;;"&gt;นิยมใช้กันมาก ต้องเป็นทรายน้ำจืด ในการบรรจุสารกรองโดยทั่วไป ชั้นความหนาของทราย อยู่ระหว่าง &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span color:#660000'="" ms="" sans="" serif";="" serif'","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"microsoft="" style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;45-90 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="TH" style="color: #660000; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;;"&gt;ซม.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span "microsoft="" ms="" sans="" serif";color:#660000'="" serif'","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:="" style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/anthracite.html"&gt;&lt;span lang="TH" style="font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;;"&gt;แอนทราไซต์&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/en/products/anthracite.html"&gt;Anthracite&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="TH" style="color: #660000; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;;"&gt;ใช้สารกรองแอนทราไซต์ อย่างเดียว ชั้นความหนาของ อยู่ระหว่าง &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span "microsoft="" ms="" sans="" serif";color:#660000'="" serif'","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:="" style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;45-75 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="TH" style="color: #660000; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;;"&gt;ซม.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span ms="" mso-bidi-font-family:"microsoft="" sans="" serif";color:#660000'="" serif'","serif";="" style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="TH" style="color: #660000; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;;"&gt;ใช้คู่กับสารกรองทราย ชั้นความหนาของแอนทราไซต์ อยู่ระหว่าง &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span "microsoft="" ms="" sans="" serif";color:#660000'="" serif'","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:="" style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;45-60 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="TH" style="color: #660000; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;;"&gt;ซม. ชั้นความหนาของทราย อยู่ระหว่าง &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span "microsoft="" ms="" sans="" serif";color:#660000'="" serif'","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:="" style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;30-45 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="TH" style="color: #660000; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;;"&gt;ซม.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span ms="" mso-bidi-font-family:"microsoft="" sans="" serif";color:#660000'="" serif'","serif";="" style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: black; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span color:#660000'="" ms="" sans="" serif";="" serif'","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"microsoft="" style="font-family: &amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;II. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang="TH" style="color: #660000; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;; mso-hansi-font-family: &amp;quot;\0027MS Sans Serif\0027&amp;quot;;"&gt;การกรองเพื่อดูดซึม&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #660000; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ใช้&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/activated-carbon.html"&gt;&lt;span lang="TH"&gt;สารกรองถ่านกัมมันต์&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/en/products/activated-carbon.html"&gt;Activated Carbon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ที่กรอง สี กลิ่น รส สารสลายตัวได้ ออกจากน้ำ วัสดุที่ใช้นิยมใช้ผลิต คือ ถ่านหิน กะลามะพร้าว หรือไม้ เป็นต้น&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0066ff; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="color: #660000; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;III. &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;การกรองเพื่อขจัดสนิมเหล็ก&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #660000; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ใช้&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/manganese-sand.html"&gt;&lt;span lang="TH"&gt;สารกรองแมงกานีส&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/en/products/manganese-sand.html"&gt;Manganese&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;) &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ซึ่งทำจากทรายเขียวเคลือบด้วย &lt;/span&gt;Manganous Sulfate &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ทำให้มีคุณสมบัติ กรองสนิมเหล็กได้ เมื่อใช้งานไประยะหนึ่ง จะต้องทำการล้างเพื่อฟื้นฟูสารกรอง ด้วยสารละลายด่างทับทิม&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0066ff; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span style="color: #660000; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;IV. &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;การกรองเพื่อขจัดหินปูนหรือความกระด้างในน้ำ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="color: #660000; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ใช้&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/ion-exchange-resin.html"&gt;&lt;span lang="TH"&gt;สารกรองเรซิ่น&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;(&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/en/products/ion-exchange-resin.html"&gt;Ion Exchange Resin&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span class="apple-converted-space"&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;) &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ซึ่งแบ่งออกเป็น &lt;/span&gt;5 &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ประเภท คือ :&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;- &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;แบบประจุบวก โซเดียม ( &lt;/span&gt;Sodium Cation Exchange Resin )&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ใช้กำจัดความกระด้างออกจากน้ำ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ล้างคืนประจุเพื่อฟื้นฟูสารกรองด้วยเกลือแกง ( &lt;/span&gt;Sodium Chloride )&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;- &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;แบบประจุบวก กรดแก่ ( &lt;/span&gt;Strong Acid Cation Exchange Resin )&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ใช้กำจัดสารละลายเกลือแร่ประจุบวกออกจากน้ำ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ล้างคืนประจุเพื่อฟื้นฟูสารกรองด้วยกรดไฮโดรคลอริค ( &lt;/span&gt;Hydrochloric Acid ) &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;หรือ กรดซัลฟุริก ( &lt;/span&gt;Sulfuric Acid )&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;- &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;แบบประจุบวก กรดอ่อน ( &lt;/span&gt;Weak Acid Cation Exchange Resin )&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ใช้กำจัด &lt;/span&gt;Alkalinity &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ออกจากน้ำ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ล้างคืนประจุเพื่อฟื้นฟูสารกรองด้วยกรดไฮโดรคลอริค ( &lt;/span&gt;Hydrochloric Acid ) &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;หรือ กรดซัลฟุริก ( &lt;/span&gt;Sulfuric Acid )&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;- &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;แบบประจุลบ ด่างแก่ ( &lt;/span&gt;Strong Base Anion Exchange Resin )&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ใช้กำจัดสารซิลิกา ออกจากน้ำ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ล้างคืนประจุเพื่อฟื้นฟูสารกรองด้วยโซดาไฟน้ำ ( &lt;/span&gt;Sodium Hydroxide ) &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;เท่านั้น&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span lang="TH"&gt;สารกรองเรซิ่นประเภทนี้จะใช้ร่วมกับสารกรองเรซิ่นแบบประจุบวก เพื่อผลิตน้ำบริสุทธิ์ ( &lt;/span&gt;water purification )&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;- &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;แบบประจุลบ ด่างอ่อน ( &lt;/span&gt;Weak Base Anion Exchange Resin )&lt;/b&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ใช้เติม &lt;/span&gt;Alkalinity &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ให้กับน้ำ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="TH"&gt;ล้างคืนประจุเพื่อฟื้นฟูสารกรองด้วยโซดาไฟน้ำ ( &lt;/span&gt;Sodium Hydroxide ) &lt;span lang="TH"&gt;หรือแอมโมเนียน้ำ สารกรองเรซิ่นประเภทนี้ไม่สามารถแลกเปลี่ยนประจุและขจัดซิลิกาได้ จึงไม่นิยมใช้งาน&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: #0066ff; font-family: &amp;quot;Microsoft Sans Serif&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;; font-size: 10.0pt;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-2331586853513789982?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/2331586853513789982'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/2331586853513789982'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2011/02/blog-post.html' title='การใช้สารกรอง'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-4098097768682754564</id><published>2009-01-31T11:35:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2009-01-31T11:35:50.138+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Reverse Osmosis'/><title type='text'>ข้อดีและข้อจำกัดในการใช้ RO</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;ข้อดี&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;          1. ระบบ RO. สามารถประหยัดสารเคมีได้มากเมื่อเปรียบเทียบกับระบบเคมีทั่วๆไป ในระบบเคมีจะต้องใช้กรดและด่างจำนวนมากมาเจ็นเนอเรต นอกจากนี้ยังมีปัญหาเรื่องสภาพแวดล้อม ส่วนระบบ RO. จะใช้สารเคมีน้อยมาก ต้นทุนการผลิตน้ำจะตกอยู่ที่ค่าไฟของปั๊มน้ำ ซึ่งกินไฟมากเพราะความดันสูง แต่เมื่อเทียบกับราคาสารเคมีแล้วยังถูกกว่ามาก&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;          2. ระบบ RO. สามารถทำให้น้ำบริสุทธิ์โดยไม่ต้องเปลี่ยนสถานะของน้ำก่อน (nophase change) เหมือนอย่างวิธีการกลั่นน้ำทั่วๆไป&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;          3. ระบบ RO. ประกอบด้วยอุปกรณ์ไม่กี่อย่างจึงเป็นระบบที่กะทัดรัด เช่น ปั๊มน้ำ มอเตอร์ วาล์ว มาตรวัดอัตราการไหล เครื่องวัดค่าความนำไฟฟ้า (conductivity meter) เกจวัดความดัน ฯลฯ&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;          4. ช่างคุมเครื่องจักรไม่จำเป็นต้องใช้ช่างฝีมือ เพียงแต่ผ่านการอบรมเพียงระยะเวลาสั้นๆก็สามารถคุมเครื่องได้ อุปกรณ์อัตโนมัติจะช่วยในการควบคุมง่ายขึ้น&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;ข้อจำกัด&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;          1. ข้อจำกัดในเรื่องความดัน โดยปกติถ้าเป็นน้ำทะเลจะต้องใช้ความดัน 800 ถึง 1,000 PSI และสำหรับน้ำกร่อยธรรมดา จะใช้ความดันไม่เกิน 400 ถึง 600 PSI ซึ่งในแง่ของการปฏิบัติแล้ว เราจะใช้ความดัน 200 PSI เหนือความดันออสโมซิส (Osmosis Pressure) ดังนั้นระบบ RO. จึงไม่สามารถใช้กับการแยกน้ำที่มีความเข้มข้นของสารละลายสูงมากๆได้ เพราะโครงสร้างของเนื้อเยื่อจะไม่สามารถรับแรงดันมากเกินไปได้&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;          2. ข้อจำกัดเกี่ยวกับอุณหภูมิของน้ำก่อนเข้าสู่ระบบ เนื้อเยื่อแบบ ทินฟิล์ม คอมโพซิส (Thin Film Composite) ถ้าป้อนน้ำที่มีอุณหภูมิเกินกว่านี้จะมีปัญหาเรื่องเนื้อเยื่ออัดตัวแน่น (compaction) เป็นเหตุให้สารละลายเล็ดลอดออกมาได้มากขึ้น ดังนั้นถ้าน้ำมีอุณหภูมิสูงเกินไปจะต้องลดอุณหภูมิลงก่อน&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;          3. ข้อจำกัดเกี่ยวกับวัสดุที่ใช้ทำเมมเบรน เนื้อเยื่อที่ใช้ในระบบ RO. จะเสื่อมคุณภาพเร็วมาก หากสัมผัสกับน้ำมัน หรือ จารบี จึงจำเป็นต้องกำจัดไขมันใดๆ ออกอย่างเด็ดขาด&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-4098097768682754564?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/4098097768682754564'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/4098097768682754564'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/01/ro.html' title='ข้อดีและข้อจำกัดในการใช้ RO'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-8539332131053890880</id><published>2009-01-31T11:34:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2010-12-31T07:19:04.948+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Reverse Osmosis'/><title type='text'>ระบบ REVERSE OSMOSIS คืออะไร</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/industrial-reverse-osmosis-systems.html"&gt;Reverse Osmosis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; คือระบบกรองน้ำที่ใช้ Membrane filter ซึ่ง มีรูพรุนเล็กมากจึงสามารถกรองสารละลายโลหะและเชื้อไวรัสได้ เมื่อผ่านการกรองสารละลายจะติดอยู่ที่ผิวของ Membrane filter ดังนั้น น้ำที่ผ่านการกรองด้วย Membrane filter ต้องเป็นน้ำที่ปราศจากสารแขวนลอย ก่อนการกรองด้วย Membrane filter จะต้องผ่านการกรองจากไส้กรอง 3 ชนิด และต้องใช้แรงดันของ Booster Pump เพื่อเพิ่มแรงดันน้ำจึงจะสามารถผ่านชั้นกรองของ &lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/membranes.html"&gt;Membrane filter&lt;/a&gt; ได้ โดยหลักการ Membrane filter จะยอมให้โมเลกุลของน้ำที่มีโมเลกุลเล็กผ่านได้เท่านั้น ส่วนเชื้อแบคทีเรีย ไวรัส สารละลายแร่ธาตุ ซึ่งเป็นโมเลกุลซับซ้อนจะไม่สามารถผ่านชั้นกรองของ Membrane filter ไปได้ ถูกกำจัดออกมาในรูปของน้ำเสีย ส่วนน้ำที่ผ่านการดูดซับสิ่งแปลกปลอม อนุภาคของสารเคมีจะนำมาเก็บในถังน้ำบริสุทธิ์เพื่อหลีกเลี่ยงการปนเปื้อน ทำให้น้ำบริสุทธิ์ด้วย &lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/activated-carbon.html"&gt;Activated Carbon&lt;/a&gt;&amp;nbsp;อีกครั้งหนึ่งจึงเป็นที่ยืนยันได้ว่าน้ำที่ผ่านการกรองด้วยระบบ Reverse Osmosis นั้นสะอาดและบริสุทธิ์&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-8539332131053890880?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/8539332131053890880'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/8539332131053890880'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/01/reverse-osmosis.html' title='ระบบ REVERSE OSMOSIS คืออะไร'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-3497975991490804005</id><published>2009-01-31T11:32:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2009-01-31T11:34:10.706+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Information'/><title type='text'>เกร็ดความรู้เรื่องน้ำ</title><content type='html'>- น้ำนับเป็นสิ่งที่จำเป็นต่อการดำรงชีวิตของสิ่งมีชีวิตทุกชนิด ในอดีตหาน้ำได้ง่ายตามแหล่งน้ำธรรมชาติ แต่ในปัจจุบันความเจริญเติบโต ความก้าวหน้าทางเทคโนโลยี การเปลี่ยนแปลงของสิ่งแวดล้อม ส่งผลทำให้แหล่งน้ำตามธรรมชาติมีความไม่สะอาดอีกต่อไป EPA USAกล่าวว่าโรค 80% ของทั้งหมด เกิดจากน้ำดื่มที่ไม่บริสุทธิ์ ที่ มีสารพิษปนเปื้อนอยู่มากมาย ทำให้คนเราเกิดอาการเจ็บป่วย&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img alt="http://www.rwcc.com.au/Image%2080%20tap%20water.gif" src="http://www.rwcc.com.au/Image%2080%20tap%20water.gif" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- ร่างกายของคนเรามีน้ำปริมาณ 70-80% เพื่อหล่อเลี้ยงร่างกายในวันหนึ่งๆ มนุษย์ต้องรับน้ำเข้าและขับออกจากร่างกายอย่างน้อย 2.5 ลิตร/ วัน กล่าวคือ ใช้ดื่ม 1 ลิตร น้ำในอาหาร 1 ลิตร ขับออกอีก 0.5 ลิตร ร่างกายขับน้ำออกไปเท่าใด ก็ต้องการน้ำบริสุทธิ์เข้าร่างกายเท่านั้น มิฉะนั้นร่างกายจะขาดสมดุล โรคภัยไข้เจ็บต่างๆ ก็จะเกิดขึ้นและหากร่างกายขาดน้ำ 15-20% ของน้ำทั้งหมดในร่างกายของคนเราก็ไม่สามารถมีชีวิตอยู่ได้ ฉะนั้น น้ำจึงเป็นสิ่งสำคัญที่สุด    &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- ถึงแม้ระบบประปาส่วนใหญ่จะใช้คลอรีน ในปริมาณมาก เพื่อบำบัดน้ำให้สะอาดแต่คลอรีนก็เป็นสาเหตุก่อให้เกิดโรคมะเร็งได้ ทั้งยังส่งผ่านท่อประปาที่เก่าและขึ้นสนิม&lt;br /&gt;ทำให้สารพิษเจือปนเพิ่มขึ้น และส่วนใหญ่แท้งค์น้ำตามบ้านมักอยู่กลางแดด ทำให้เป็นแหล่งเพาะเชื้อโรคได้ เนื่องจากคลอรีนสลายตัวหมดฤทธิ์ไปแล้ว&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- หลายครอบครัวหันมาต้มน้ำ โดยนำน้ำฝนมาดื่มทาน น้ำฝนที่ตกลงนั้น ก็ยังได้รับสารพิษในอากาศ ไม่ว่าจะเป็นสารพิษจากโรงงานอุตสาหกรรม ไอเสียจากยานพาหนะ ทำให้ฝนที่ตกลงมามีสภาพเป็นฝนกรด ไม่สามารถดื่มได้ การต้มน้ำที่หลายครอบครัวใช้เพื่อฆ่าเชื้อโรค นอกจากจะเสียเวลาและเกิดความยุ่งยากแล้ว ยังไม่สามารถขจัดสารละลายที่มีอยู่ในน้ำให้หมดไปได้&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- จึงมีการคิดค้นหาวิธีใหม่ โดยใช้วิธีการกรอง โดยผ่านเครื่องกรองน้ำแทนวิธีการต้ม การกรองนี้จะสามารถช่วยกรองสิ่งสกปรกต่างๆ กำจัดเชื้อโรค แบคทีเรีย ที่ปะปนมากับน้ำให้สะอาดได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-3497975991490804005?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/3497975991490804005'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/3497975991490804005'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/01/blog-post_31.html' title='เกร็ดความรู้เรื่องน้ำ'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-4433094819835202068</id><published>2009-01-31T02:16:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2010-12-31T07:31:11.864+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Quality'/><title type='text'>คุณภาพน้ำ | การวิเคราะห์คุณภาพน้ำ</title><content type='html'>ในปัจจุบันประเทศไทยมีการพัฒนาทางเศรษฐกิจ สังคม และเทคโนโลยีต่าง ๆ มากขึ้น&lt;br /&gt;ทำให้มีมลพิษปนเปื้อนในสิ่งแวดล้อมมากขึ้น การพิจารณาคุณภาพน้ำจากการใช้ประสาทสัมผัส&lt;br /&gt;ของคนเราอย่างเดียวย่อมไม่เพียงพอที่จะทำให้เราเกิดความมั่นใจได้ เพราะสารบางชนิดปนเปื้อน&lt;br /&gt;อยู่ในน้ำโดยที่เราไม่สามารถสังเกตเห็นได้ เช่น ตะกั่ว สารหนู และเชื้อโรคต่าง ๆ ซึ่งเป็นสาเหตุ&lt;br /&gt;สำคัญในการทำให้เกิดโรคต่าง ๆ ได้ ดังนั้น จึงเป็นสิ่งจำเป็นอย่างยิ่งที่องค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น&lt;br /&gt;ซึ่งมีหน้าที่ในการจัดหาน้ำสะอาดเพื่อใช้ในการอุปโภคบริโภคของประชาชนให้ได้มาตรฐาน จึง&lt;br /&gt;จำเป็นต้องมีการตรวจคุณภาพน้ำ โดยการวิเคราะห์เพื่อตรวจสอบคุณภาพน้ำจะแบ่งออกเป็น 3&lt;br /&gt;ประเภทหลัก คือ ทางกายภาพ ทางเคมี และทางจุลินทรีย์ โดยทั้งนี้ ควรจะต้องตรวจคุณภาพน้ำทั้ง&lt;br /&gt;ก่อนที่จะทำประปา คือ “แหล่งน้ำดิบ” และเมื่อทำประปาไปแล้ว คือ “น้ำดี” หรือ “น้ำประปา” ว่า&lt;br /&gt;ได้ตามมาตรฐานหรือไม่&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ก. การวิเคราะห์คุณภาพแหล่งน้ำดิบ&lt;br /&gt;เมื่อเราทราบปริมาณน้ำแล้ว สิ่งที่ต้องทำควบคู่กันไปก็คือ การวิเคราะห์คุณภาพ&lt;br /&gt;แหล่งน้ำ ซึ่งจะบอกเราได้ว่าแหล่งน้ำดิบนั้น ๆ สมควรนำไปทำประปาหรือไม่ ในระบบประปา&lt;br /&gt;ชุมชนที่องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลจะก่อสร้างนั้นเป็นระบบประปาที่ใช้วิธีการปรับปรุงคุณภาพน้ำ&lt;br /&gt;แบบพื้นฐาน สามารถที่จะลดหรือกำจัดสารที่ปนเปื้อนอยู่ในน้ำได้เพียงบางอย่างเท่านั้น อาทิเช่น&lt;br /&gt;สารละลายทั้งหมด เหล็ก และ&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/th/products/manganese-sand.html"&gt;แมงกานีส&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt; ได้ในปริมาณหนึ่ง แต่ถ้าหากมีมากเกินไปก็จะเป็นปัญหา&lt;br /&gt;สำหรับโลหะหนักที่เป็นพิษต่อร่างกาย ความกระด้างและความเค็มจะต้องใช้เทคโนโลยีที่สูงขึ้น&lt;br /&gt;และค่าใช้จ่ายค่อนข้างสูง ถ้ามีมากเกินมาตรฐานน้ำดื่มควรหลีกเลี่ยงการใช้แหล่งน้ำนั้น&lt;br /&gt;สำหรับคุณภาพแหล่งน้ำทางแบคทีเรีย ควรเลือกที่อยู่ในชั้น 1 หรือ 2 เท่านั้น ถ้าสูงกว่านี้&lt;br /&gt;ต้องผ่านกรรมวิธีพิเศษ ซึ่งได้ออกแบบไว้เป็นการเฉพาะแห่งให้ใช้แหล่งน้ำนั้นเมื่อไม่อาจ&lt;br /&gt;หลีกเลี่ยงได้&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;* ค่ามาตรฐานต่าง ๆ ตามตารางมาตรฐานน้ำดิบขององค์การอนามัยโลก&lt;br /&gt;และตารางมาตรฐานคุณภาพแหล่งน้ำทางแบคทีเรีย&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;คุณภาพน้ำประปา&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ผู้ใช้น้ำหรือผู้บริโภคส่วนใหญ่จะพึงพอใจในคุณภาพของน้ำ โดยใช้ความรู้สึกของ&lt;br /&gt;ตนเองเป็นเครื่องวัดเท่านั้น ซึ่งสารมลพิษที่ละลายอยู่ในน้ำไม่อาจรับหรือรู้สึกได้ด้วยประสาท&lt;br /&gt;สัมผัสของมนุษย์ ดังนั้น จึงมีการกำหนดเกณฑ์คุณภาพหรือมาตรฐานน้ำประปาขึ้น เพื่อใช้&lt;br /&gt;พิจารณาคุณภาพของน้ำว่ามีความเหมาะสมที่จะใช้เพื่อการอุปโภคหรือไม่เพียงใด&lt;br /&gt;* ค่ามาตรฐานต่าง ๆ ตามตารางเกณฑ์คุณภาพน้ำประปาของกรมอนามัย&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 78%;"&gt;ที่มา: &lt;a href="http://www.thailocaladmin.go.th/work/e_book/eb1/stan11/stan11.htm" rel="nofollow"&gt;http://www.thailocaladmin.go.th/work/e_book/eb1/stan11/stan11.htm&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-4433094819835202068?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/4433094819835202068'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/4433094819835202068'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2009/01/blog-post.html' title='คุณภาพน้ำ | การวิเคราะห์คุณภาพน้ำ'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-584024887578130905</id><published>2008-11-07T18:55:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:02:15.527+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Treatment'/><title type='text'>History of water treatment</title><content type='html'>&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;In ancient Greek and Sanskrit (India) writings dating    back to &lt;b&gt;2000 BC&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/water-treatment-decision-path.htm"&gt;water treatment methods&lt;/a&gt; were recommended. People back    than knew that heating water might purify it, and they were also    educated in sand and gravel filtration, boiling, and straining. The major motive for water    purification was better tasting &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/drinking_water.htm"&gt;drinking water&lt;/a&gt;, because people could not    yet distinguish between foul and clean water. Turbidity was the main    driving force between the earliest water treatments. Not much was known about micro organisms, or chemical contaminants.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After &lt;b&gt;1500 BC&lt;/b&gt;, the Egyptians first discovered the principle of    &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/coagulation-flocculation.htm"&gt;coagulation&lt;/a&gt;. They applied the chemical alum for suspended particle    settlement. Pictures of this purification technique were found on the    wall of the tomb of Amenophis II and Ramses II.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After &lt;b&gt;500 BC&lt;/b&gt;, Hippocrates discovered the healing powers of water. He    invented the practice of sieving water, and obtained the first    &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/bag_filter.htm"&gt;bag    filter&lt;/a&gt;, which was called the ‘Hippocratic sleeve’. The main purpose of    the bag was to trap sediments that caused bad tastes or odours.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In &lt;b&gt;300-200 BC&lt;/b&gt;, Rome built its first aqueducts. Archimedes invented his    water screw.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;table border="1" width="100%"&gt;   &lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;    &lt;td&gt;&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;    &lt;img src="http://www.lenntech.com/images/aqueduct.jpg" align="left" border="0" height="95" width="144" /&gt;Aqueducts&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;The Assyrians built the first structure that could carry water     from one place to another in the 7th century BC. It was 10 meters     high and 300 meters long, and carried the water 80 kilometres across     a valley to Nineveh. Later, the Romans started building many of     these structures. They named them aqueducts. In Latin, aqua means ‘water’,     and ducere means ‘to lead’. Roman aqueducts were very sophisticated     pieces of engineering that were powered entirely by gravity, and     carried water over extremely large distances. They were applied     specifically to supply water to the big cities and industrial areas     of the Roman Empire. In the city of Rome alone more than 400 km of     aqueduct were present, and it took over 500 years to complete all     eleven of them. Most of the aqueducts were underground structures,     to protect them in times of was and to prevent pollution. Together,     they supplied Rome with over one million cubic meters of water on a     daily basis. Today, aqueducts can still be found on some locations     in France, Germany, Spain and Turkey. The United States have even     taken up building aqueducts to supply the big cities with water     again. Many of the techniques the Romans used in their aqueducts can     be seen in modern-day sewers and water transport systems.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;    &lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;b&gt;    &lt;img src="http://www.lenntech.com/images/gemaal.jpg" align="left" border="0" height="111" width="145" /&gt;Archimedes’ screw&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;i&gt;Archimedes was a Greek engineer that lived between 287 and 212     BC, and was responsible for many different inventions. One of his     findings was a device to transport water from lower water bodies to     higher land. He called this invention the water screw. It is a large     screw inside a hollow pipe that pumps up water to higher land.     Originally, it was applied to irrigate cropland and to lift water     from mines and ship bilges. Today, this invention is still applied     to transport water from lower to higher land or water bodies. In The     Netherlands for example, such structures can be found in the city of     Zoetermeer (see picture), in the west close to The Hague. The water screw formed     the basis for many modern-day industrial pumps.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;   &lt;/tr&gt;   &lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;   &lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;During the Middle Ages (&lt;b&gt;500-1500 AD&lt;/b&gt;), water supply    was no longer as sophisticated as before. These centuries where also    known as the Dark Ages, because of a lack of scientific innovations and    experiments. After the fall of the Roman Empire enemy forces destroyed    many aqueducts, and others were no longer applied. The future for water    treatment was uncertain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Than, in &lt;b&gt;1627&lt;/b&gt; the water treatment history continued as Sir Francis Bacon    started experimenting with seawater desalination. He attempted to remove    salt particles by means of an unsophisticated form of    &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/sandfilter.htm"&gt;sand filtration&lt;/a&gt;.    It did not exactly work, but it did paved the way for further    experimentation by other scientists.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Experimentation of two Dutch spectacle makers experimented with object    magnification led to the discovery of the microscope by Antonie van    Leeuwenhoek in the &lt;b&gt;1670s&lt;/b&gt;. He grinded and polished lenses and thereby    achieved greater magnification. The invention enables scientists to    watch tiny particles in water. In &lt;b&gt;1676&lt;/b&gt;, Van Leeuwenhoek first observed    &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/water-microbiology-FAQ.htm"&gt;water micro organisms&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the &lt;b&gt;1700s&lt;/b&gt; the first water filters for domestic application were    applied. These were made of wool, sponge and charcoal. In &lt;b&gt;1804&lt;/b&gt; the first    actual municipal water treatment plant designed by Robert Thom, was    built in Scotland. The water treatment was based on slow sand    filtration, and horse and cart distributed the water. Some three years    later, the first water pipes were installed. The suggestion was made    that every person should have access to safe drinking water, but it    would take somewhat longer before this was actually brought to practice    in most countries.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In &lt;b&gt;1854&lt;/b&gt; it was discovered that a    &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/Waterborne-diseases/cholera.htm"&gt;cholera&lt;/a&gt; epidemic spread through water.    The outbreak seemed less severe in areas where sand filters were    installed. British scientist John Snow found that the direct cause of    the outbreak was water pump contamination by sewage water. He applied    &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Cl-en.htm"&gt;chlorine&lt;/a&gt; to purify the water, and this paved the way for    &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/water-disinfection/what-is-water-disinfection.htm"&gt;water    disinfection&lt;/a&gt;. Since the water in the pump had tasted and smelled normal,    the conclusion was finally drawn that good taste and smell alone do not    guarantee safe drinking water. This discovery led to governments    starting to install municipal water filters (sand filters and    chlorination), and hence the first government regulation of public water.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the &lt;b&gt;1890s&lt;/b&gt; America started building large sand filters to protect    public health. These turned out to be a success. Instead of slow sand    filtration, rapid sand filtration was now applied. Filter capacity was    improved by cleaning it with powerful jet steam. Subsequently, Dr.    Fuller found that rapid sand filtration worked much better when it was    preceded by coagulation and sedimentation techniques. Meanwhile, such    &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/water-disinfection/waterborne-diseases-contagion.htm"&gt;waterborne illnesses&lt;/a&gt;    as cholera and &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/Waterborne-diseases/typhoid.htm"&gt;typhoid&lt;/a&gt; became less    and less common as    &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/water-disinfection/disinfectants-chlorine.htm"&gt;water chlorination&lt;/a&gt; won terrain throughout the world.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But the victory obtained by the invention of chlorination did not last    long. After some time the negative effects of this element were    discovered. Chlorine vaporizes much faster than water, and it was linked    to the aggravation and cause of respiratory disease. Water experts    started looking for alternative    &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/water-disinfection/disinfectants.htm"&gt;water disinfectants&lt;/a&gt;. In    &lt;b&gt;1902&lt;/b&gt;   &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/water-glossary.htm#Calcium_hypo_chlorite"&gt;calcium    hypo chlorite&lt;/a&gt; and ferric chloride were mixed in a drinking water supply    in Belgium, resulting in both coagulation and disinfection. In &lt;b&gt;1906&lt;/b&gt;    &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/otozone.htm"&gt;ozone&lt;/a&gt; was first applied as a disinfectant in France. Additionally,    people started installing &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/home-water-filter.htm"&gt;home water filters&lt;/a&gt; and shower filters to    prevent negative effects of chlorine in water.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In &lt;b&gt;1903&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/water-softener.htm"&gt;water softening&lt;/a&gt; was invented as a technique for water    desalination. Cations were removed from water by exchanging them by    &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Na-en.htm"&gt;sodium&lt;/a&gt; or other cations, in    &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/ion_exchanger.htm"&gt;ion exchangers&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eventually, starting &lt;b&gt;1914&lt;/b&gt; &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/EU%27s-drinking-water-standards.htm"&gt;drinking water standards&lt;/a&gt; were implemented for    drinking water supplies in public traffic, based on   &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/faecal-bacteria.htm"&gt;coliform&lt;/a&gt; growth. It    would take until the &lt;b&gt;1940s&lt;/b&gt; before drinking water standards applied to    municipal drinking water. In &lt;b&gt;1972&lt;/b&gt;, the Clean Water Act was passed in the    United States. In &lt;b&gt;1974&lt;/b&gt; the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) was formulated.    The general principle in the developed world now was that every person    had the right to safe drinking water.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Starting in &lt;b&gt;1970&lt;/b&gt;, public health concerns shifted from waterborne    illnesses caused by disease-causing micro organisms, to anthropogenic    &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/water-pollution-FAQ.htm"&gt;water pollution&lt;/a&gt; such as pesticide residues and industrial sludge and    organic chemicals. Regulation now focused on industrial waste and    industrial water contamination, and water treatment plants were adapted.    Techniques such as &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/aeration.htm"&gt;aeration&lt;/a&gt;,   &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/coagulant-flocculant.htm"&gt;flocculation&lt;/a&gt;, and   &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/activecarbon-regeneration.htm"&gt;active carbon&lt;/a&gt; adsorption    were applied. In the &lt;b&gt;1980s&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/membranes.htm"&gt;membrane&lt;/a&gt;    development for &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/rosmosis.htm"&gt;reverse osmosis&lt;/a&gt; was added to    the list.    Risk assessments were enabled after &lt;b&gt;1990&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Water treatment experimentation &lt;b&gt;today&lt;/b&gt; mainly focuses on    &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/water-disinfection/disinfection-byproducts-types.htm"&gt;disinfection    by-products&lt;/a&gt;. An example is trihalomethane (THM) formation from chlorine    disinfection. These organics were linked to cancer.    &lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/Pb-en.htm"&gt;Lead&lt;/a&gt; also became a    concern after it was discovered to corrode from water pipes. The high pH    level of disinfected water enabled corrosion. Today, other materials    have replaced many lead water pipes.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Links&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/water-disinfection/history-drinking-water-treatment.htm"&gt;History of drinking water treatment&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/water-disinfection/history-water-disinfection.htm"&gt;History of water disinfection&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.lenntech.com/scientific-books/water/Outwater-water-natural-history.htm"&gt;Book    on water history&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sources&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Baker M.N., Taras M.J., 1981, &lt;i&gt;The quest for pure water – The history    of the twentieth century, volume I and II&lt;/i&gt;, Denver: AWWA&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Christman K., 1998, &lt;i&gt;The history of chlorine&lt;/i&gt;, Waterworld 14: page    66-67&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Crittenden J.C., Rhodes Trussell R., Hand D.W., Howe K.J., Tchobanoglous    G., 2005, &lt;i&gt;Water treatment: Principles and design&lt;/i&gt;, 2nd edition,    John Wiley &amp;amp; Sons, Inc.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Diodorus Siculus, 1939, &lt;i&gt;Library of history, volume III&lt;/i&gt;, Loeb    Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, UK&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;EPA, 2000, &lt;i&gt;The history of drinking water treatment&lt;/i&gt;, Environmental    Protection Agency, Office of Water (4606), Fact Sheet EPA-816-F-00-006,    United States&lt;/span&gt;               &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;span lang="en-gb"&gt;Outwater A., 1996, &lt;i&gt;Water: A natural history&lt;/i&gt;, Basic Books, New    York, USA&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com/"&gt;   http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.waterhistory.org/"&gt;http://www.waterhistory.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.wikipedia.org/"&gt;http://www.wikipedia.org&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-584024887578130905?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/584024887578130905'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/584024887578130905'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/11/history-of-water-treatment.html' title='History of water treatment'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-6633240948949014547</id><published>2008-11-07T18:52:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:03:04.810+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Filters'/><title type='text'>ZOOM - Water Filter</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="http://i.ytimg.com/vi/y-vTcMu8QWU/2.jpg" align="left" /&gt;ZOOM Sci - Water Filter with Season 2’s Kenny &amp;amp; Claudio and Season 1’s Jared &amp;amp; David&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Duration : &lt;b&gt;0:6:18&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;object height="344" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/y-vTcMu8QWU&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/y-vTcMu8QWU&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="344" width="425"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-6633240948949014547?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/6633240948949014547'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/6633240948949014547'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/11/zoom-water-filter.html' title='ZOOM - Water Filter'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-911523492323824708</id><published>2008-11-07T18:51:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:03:23.780+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Reverse Osmosis'/><title type='text'>Do reverse osmosis water filtration systems use a lot of electricity?</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;I was thinking about getting a reverse osmosis water filter for my condo. I was told that RO systems use a lot of electricity. From my understanding, RO systems use water pressure to pull the water through the filter membrane.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Do RO filters systems use a lot of electricity to pump the water through the filter membrane? Or is it just the pressure from the tap?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reverse osmosis systems don’t use any electricity if you’re on municipal water - it’s just the pressure from the tap.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;If you have a well and pump, that’s a different story.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Reverse osmosis does waste a lot of water, perhaps that’s what you were reading. You might get as little as one gallon of pure water out of 10 gallons of tap water, the rest goes down the drain.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-911523492323824708?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/911523492323824708'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/911523492323824708'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/11/do-reverse-osmosis-water-filtration.html' title='Do reverse osmosis water filtration systems use a lot of electricity?'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-7284170763140912390</id><published>2008-11-07T18:47:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:03:55.973+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Filteration'/><title type='text'>Which water filter is the best to use for drinking water?</title><content type='html'>A rep from water filteration agency came to my house to check my water condition and give me a quote. Basically my water tested out very bad and had a lot of minerals in it. The water from the refrigerator wa the same, i have Whirlpool Gold refrigerator with water filter in it, did it not make any difference? He quoted me $6000 for a water fileration system for my entire house. I do not wate rto spend that much, which water filter can i use just for drinking water so that it is good to drink atleast&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I like Frigidaire’s Refrigerator Water Filters by PureSource. I’ve noticed that my water is better tasting and it’s really easy to change.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;http://frigidaire.stores.yahoo.net/waterfilters.html&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-7284170763140912390?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/7284170763140912390'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/7284170763140912390'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/11/which-water-filter-is-best-to-use-for.html' title='Which water filter is the best to use for drinking water?'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-3601296867197066045</id><published>2008-11-07T18:43:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:04:42.985+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Drinking Water Safety'/><title type='text'>Gathering Safe Drinking Water : Drinking Water Safety: Filter</title><content type='html'>&lt;img src="http://i.ytimg.com/vi/VOJSwDVDilg/2.jpg" align="left" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Filtering drinking water safely requires a tarp and the use of fire to boil water to create condensation that will builds on the tarp and drip back into a container. Filter water safely with tips from a safety enthusiast in this free video on drinking water.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;object height="344" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/VOJSwDVDilg&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/VOJSwDVDilg&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" height="344" width="425"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-3601296867197066045?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/3601296867197066045'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/3601296867197066045'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/11/gathering-safe-drinking-water-drinking.html' title='Gathering Safe Drinking Water : Drinking Water Safety: Filter'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-5209992234559684301</id><published>2008-09-30T23:48:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:05:06.764+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water that Stains'/><title type='text'>Water that Stains</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;I have Red Stains in my Sinks and Other Fixtures -- Help!&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;         Red stains are normally caused by iron in the water. You must test to determine the amount and the type of iron you have. Some types are: oxidized, soluble, colloidal, bacteria or organic-bound. All are a problem! It only takes 0.3 ppm to stain clothes, fixtures, etc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Oxidized&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;         This type of iron is usually found in a surface water supply. This is water that contains red particles when first drawn from the tap. The easiest way to remove this type of iron is by a fine mechanical filter. A cartridge type filter is usually not a good solution, due to the rapid plugging of the element. Another method or removal is by feeding a chemical into the water to cause the little particles of iron to clump together, and then fall to the bottom of a holding tank, where they can be flushed away.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Soluble&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;         Soluble iron is called "clear water" iron. After being drawn form the well and contacting the air, the iron oxidizes, or "rusts", forming reddish brown particles in the water. Depending on the amount of iron in the water, you may solve this problem with a water conditioner, or a combination of softener and filter. You may use an iron filter that recharges with chlorine or potassium permanganate, or feed chemicals to oxidize the iron and then filter it with a mechanical filter. You can sometimes hide the effects of soluble iron by adding chemicals that, in effect, coat the iron in the water and prevent it from reaching oxygen and oxidizing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Colloidal&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;         Colloidal iron is very small particles of oxidized iron suspended in the water. They are usually bound together with other substances. They resist agglomeration, i.e., the combining together of like substances forming larger, heavier, more filterable ones, due to the static electrical charge they carry. This iron looks more like a color than particles when held up in a clear glass, as they are so small. Treatment is usually one of two: Feed chlorine to oxidize the organic away from the iron, thus allowing agglomeration to occur, or, feeding polymers that attract the static charge on the particles, forming larger clumps of matter that is filterable.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Bacterial&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;         Iron bacteria are living organisms that feed on the iron found in the water, pipes, fittings, etc. They build slime all along the water flow path. Occasionally, the slimy growths break free, causing extremely discolored water. If a large slug breaks loose, it can pass through to the point of use, plugging fixtures. These types of bacteria are becoming more common throughout the United States. If you suspect bacteria iron, look for a reddish or green slime buildup in your toilet flush tank. To confirm your suspicions, gather a sample of this slime and take it to your local health department, or water department for observation under the microscope. This type of iron problem is very hard to eliminate. You must kill the bacteria, usually by chlorination. You must use high amounts of chlorine throughout your plumbing system to kill all organisms. You may find it necessary to feed chlorine continuously to prevent re-growth. A filter alone will not solve this problem.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Organic bound&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;         When iron combines with tannins and other organics, complexes are formed that cannot be removed by ion exchange or oxidizing filters. This iron may be mistaken for colloidal iron. Test for tannins; if they are present, it is most likely combined with the iron. Low level amounts of this pest can be removed by use of a carbon filter, which absorbs the complex. You must replace the carbon bed when it becomes saturated. Higher amounts require feeding chlorine to oxidize the organics to break apart from the iron and cause both to precipitate into a filterable particle.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;I Have Blue or Green Stains on my Fixtures -- Help!&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;         You either have copper in your water supply, or you have copper pipes and corrosive water. Test for copper in your water. Test the pH, total dissolved solids content and the oxygen content of your water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Copper&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        Copper can be removed by ion exchange, i.e., a water softener. The removal rate is  about the same as it is for iron.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Copper pipes and corrosive water&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        If your pH is from 5 to 7, you may raise it by passing the water through a sacrificial media. By sacrificing calcium carbonate into the water, the corrosively will be reduced. If the pH is below 5, you will need to feed chemicals into the water. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        If the corrosively is caused by excess oxygen, the hot water will be much more corrosive than the cold. Treatment is by feeding polyphosphate or silicates to coat and protect the plumbing, or to aerate the water to release the excess oxygen.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-5209992234559684301?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/5209992234559684301'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/5209992234559684301'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/09/water-that-stains.html' title='Water that Stains'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-5285742131026129116</id><published>2008-09-30T23:45:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:05:24.951+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Testing Information'/><title type='text'>Water Testing Information</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;When Should I test?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;         Several factors will influence when and how often you test your water. Where do get your water from? Has that source changed? Have you done any plumbing changes lately? Is there reason to believe that your water is contaminated? Is there a sickness or illness in your family affecting more than one person and over a longer than normal time period?&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        If you receive your water from a "Public Supply", i.e., a municipal supply, or a supply that provides water to more than 25 persons for 60 days per year (some states are different -- check with YOUR local water department), you can be fairly certain that the water supply is checked on a regular basis. The frequency of the testing is based on the number of people served, and may vary from more than once per week to once per month, or even less. Under these conditions, test when you move into a new residence to acquire a "base line" of contaminant level, if any. Retest every three years, unless you have reason to believe that something has changed that could affect the quality of your water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        If you have a private well, you are the only person who is responsible for the water your family drinks and bathes in. I recommend testing by your local Health Department every six months for Bacteria and Nitrate. These two tests serve as indicators for other types of contamination -- that is not to say forget the other tests; just that if you get a "bad" test from them, you should also retest for the other types of contaminants as well. Private wells should be tested on a regular basis for Pesticides, Herbicides, Metals, Organic and Inorganic chemicals and volatiles. Currently, no laws govern the frequency of such testing -- that is why I say &lt;strong&gt;YOU&lt;/strong&gt; are the only person responsible for your family's water. I recommend an initial test (for a base line), and then at least once per year. Remember, one day after testing and finding "no contaminants", your source could become contaminated.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What Could I Test For?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;         Coliform bacteria are a group of microorganisms that are normally found in the intestinal tract of humans and other warm blooded animals, and in surface water. The presence of these organisms in drinking water suggest contamination from a surface or shallow subsurface source such as cesspool leakage, barnyard runoff or other source. The presence of these bacteria indicate that disease-causing (pathogenic) organisms may enter the drinking water supply in the same manner if preventive action is not taken. Drinking water should be free of Coliform.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;        Cysts and viruses are microbiological contaminants, usually found in  surface water supplies. &lt;u&gt;Giardia lamblia &lt;/u&gt;cysts can cause giardiasis, a  gastrointestinal disease. Another "bug" getting a lot of attention lately, is &lt;u&gt;cryptosporidium&lt;/u&gt;, single-cell parasite measuring about 2 - 5 microns in diameter. Many surface water supplies contain this pest, which also comes from the intestine of warm blooded animals. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;        &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        Nitrate in drinking water supplies may reduce the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood (cyanosis) if ingested in sufficient amounts by infants under 6 months of age. This could cause a disease called "methemoglobinemia", or "blue baby" syndrome. The EPA has established a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for nitrate at 10 mg/l (ppm) measured as N. Unlike Coliform or other types of bacteria, boiling the water will actually INCREASE the amount of nitrate remaining in the water, increasing the danger to infants. If you have high nitrate water, either treat it with an approved treatment methodology or find another source: Boiling will only make it worse!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;        Lead is now known to leach from older sweat joints in copper pipe. As the water sits in the pipes, small amounts of lead 'dissolve' into the water, contaminating it. Lead is particularly harmful to small children as they more rapidly absorb the toxic substance into their systems. The EPA has estimated that more than 40 million U.S. residents use water that contains more than the recommended levels.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-5285742131026129116?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/5285742131026129116'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/5285742131026129116'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/09/water-testing-information.html' title='Water Testing Information'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-8409628962615145236</id><published>2008-09-30T23:43:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:05:38.186+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Health Effects of Selected Drinking Water Contaminants'/><title type='text'>Health Effects of Selected Drinking Water Contaminants</title><content type='html'>&lt;table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="3" width="100%"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;CONTAMINANT&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;u&gt;PROBABLE HEALTH EFFECTS*&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Arsenic&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Malignant tumors of skin and lungs, cramps, spasms, effects to nervous system&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Barium &lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Prolonged stimulant action on muscles,  nerve block&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Benzene&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Associated with cancer, leukemia, anemia&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Cadmium&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Bronchitis, anemia, gastrointestinal upsets, cancer in rats&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Carbon tetrachloride&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Central nervous system depression, gastrointestinal effects, liver and kidney damage, coma, death&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Chlordane*&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Carcinogen, liver and kidney damage&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Chlorobenzene&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Irritation to respiratory system, central nervous system depression&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Chloroform&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Possible liver, kidney and heart effects; carcinogenic in at least one animal species&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Chromium&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Kidney damage, cancer&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Copper&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Gastrointestinal tract irritant, possible infant fatality, Wilson's disease&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Dichlorobenzene(s)*&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Suspected carcinogen&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;1,1-Dichloroethane&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Central nervous system depression, liver damage, suggested animal carcinogen&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;1,2-Dichloroethane&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Nausea, mental confusion, liver and kidney damage&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Dichloroethylene*&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Nausea, dizziness&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Ethylenedibromide (EDS)&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Decreased fertility&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Fluoride&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Skeletal damage when present in high levels&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Heptachlor &lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Possible tumor induction, carcinogenic in test animals&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Lead&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Damage to nervous system, kidneys, reproductive system; cancer in rats&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Lindane&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Chronic liver damage, anemia, leukemia&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Mercury &lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Kidney impairment, possible death&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Methylene chloride* &lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Toxic&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Nickel&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Signs of hyperglycemia and gastrointestinal and nervous disorders&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Pentachlorophenol (PCP)&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Loss of appetite, respiratory difficulties, anesthesia, coma, death&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;PCBs&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Damage to skin and liver; nausea, loss of weight, jaundice, coma, death&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Selenium&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Carcinogen; irritation to mucous membranes,                           dermatitis&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Sulfate&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Laxative action&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Tetrachloroethylene&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Central nervous system effects; confirmed animal carcinogen, anesthesia, death&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Toluene&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Narcosis, irritation to eyes and respiratory system&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Toxaphene&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Possible liver damage&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;1,1,1-Trichloroethane&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Narcosis, depression of central nervous system,                           unconsciousness, death&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;1,1,2-Trichloroethane&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Possible liver and kidney effects, possible carcinogen in animals&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Trichloroethylene&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Central nervous system depression, loss of coordination, unconsciousness; strong irritant and carcinogen&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;2,4,6-Trichlorophenol*&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Suspected carcinogen&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Trihalomethanes (THMs)&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Effects to nervous system and muscles, loss of consciousness&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Vinyl chloride  &lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Central nervous system depression, dulling of visual and auditory responses, possible death&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Xylene&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Mucous membrane irritant, lung congestion, impairment of kidney functions&lt;/td&gt;       &lt;/tr&gt;       &lt;tr&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Zinc&lt;/td&gt;         &lt;td&gt;Muscular stiffness and pain, loss of appetite,  nausea&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-8409628962615145236?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/8409628962615145236'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/8409628962615145236'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/09/health-effects-of-selected-drinking.html' title='Health Effects of Selected Drinking Water Contaminants'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-3132423217448496040</id><published>2008-09-30T23:41:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:06:08.298+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hard Water'/><title type='text'>Hard Water</title><content type='html'>&lt;strong&gt;What is hard water?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;        Hard water is the most common problem found in the average home. Hard water is water that contains dissolved hardness minerals above 1 GPG.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;strong&gt;What are hardness minerals?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;p&gt;        Calcium, manganese and magnesium are the most common.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;strong&gt;How do you Measure Hardness?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;        Parts per million or grains per gallon are the most common. One part per million (PPM) is just what it says: out of one million units, one unit. Grains, or grains per gallon (GPG) is a weight measurement taken from the Egyptians; one dry grain of wheat, or about 1/7000 of a pound. It takes 17.1 PPM to equal 1 GPG.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Why Should Hard Water Concern Me?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For many uses, it would not matter. For instance, to put out fires, water your lawn, wash the mud off the streets or float your boat, water would have to be pretty hard to cause a problem. But for bathing, washing dishes and clothes, shaving, washing your car and many other uses of water, hard water is not as efficient or convenient as "soft water." For instance: &lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;you use only 1/2 as much soap cleaning with soft water.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;because hard water and soap combine to form "soap scum" that can't be rinsed off, forming a 'bathtub ring' on all surfaces and drys leaving unsightly spots on your dishes.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;when hard water is heated, the hardness minerals are re-crystallized to form hardness scale. This scale can plug your pipes and hot water heater, causing premature failure, and costly replacement.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;the soap scum remains on your skin even after rinsing, clogging the pores of your skin and coating every hair on your body. This crud can serve as a home for bacteria, causing diaper rash, minor skin irritation and skin that continually itches.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;for many industrial uses, the hardness minerals interfere with the      process, causing inferior product.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Who Will Test My Water for Hardness?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        If you are connected to a municipal supply, call the water Superintendent, or City Hall. They can either provide the answer, or direct you to the proper individual. Remember the conversion factor: it takes 17.1 PPM to equal 1 GPG. In other words, if your water has 171 PPM calcium in it, divide 171 by 17.1 to get the answer in grains. This example would be 10 grains, or GPG. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        If you are on a private supply, you could contact your county extension agent: collect a sample in an approved container and send to the city or state health department for testing: find a testing lab (try the yellow pages): call a water conditioning company. By the way, if you are on a private well, YOU, AND YOU ALONE are responsible for the safety of the water you and your family drink. You should test your supply for bacteria at least once per year and other contaminants at least every three years -- more under certain conditions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;My Water is Hard; Now What?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        If your water tests over 3 GPG hard, you should mechanically soften it. Softening water that is less than 3 GPG, while it makes your shaving and bathing more comfortable, is considered a luxury due to the fact that the cost is more than your savings. Over 3 GPG, you will save enough to pay for the cost and maintenance of a water conditioner. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        As of this writing, the most economical way for you to soften your household water is with an ion exchange water softener. This unit uses sodium chloride (salt) to recharge man made plastic like beads that exchange hardness minerals for sodium. As the hard water passes through and around the plastic like beads, the hardness minerals (ions) attach themselves to the bead, dislodging the sodium ions. This process is called "ion exchange". When the plastic bead, called Resin, has no sodium ions left, it is exhausted, and can soften no more water. The resin is recharged by flushing with salt water. The sodium ions force the hardness ions off the resin beads; then the excess sodium is rinsed away, and the resin is ready to start the process all over again. This cycle can be repeated many, many time before the resin loses it's ability to react to these forces.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 align="justify"&gt;Which Water Conditioning Company should I call?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        As in any purchase, talk to your friends and neighbors -- who do they use? Are they happy with them? Check with the Better Business Bureau for complaints. The BBB can't prevent shady business, but they can and do keep a file of complaints filed by people who have had dealings with them. Remember, just because the unit or Company carries a brand name is not any indication that the unit is any better.........but it may mean it is more costly for you!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        Ask at least two to come to your home to look at your plumbing and then give you a quote on their equipment. Have them explain all the features of the unit, as well as the warranty.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;What Should I look for in a Water Conditioner?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        Make sure the unit has enough resin to treat all the water you and your family will use. As of this writing, the average usage per day, per person (including children), for inside the house is 87 gallons. You should also be shown two or three ways to initiate recharging the unit. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        The oldest way is by a time clock, i.e., your water usage is calculated and the frequency of recharging programmed into the timer. On the appointed day, at the appointed hour, the unit recharges. If all went as calculated, ok. If you were gone -- too bad -- you just wasted salt and water. If you had extra company -- too bad -- you ran out of soft water. You must pick a unit that will treat one days supply of water and still have about 40% of the resin in the recharged state. This will provide you with the most efficiency for salt and regeneration water. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        A second way to initiate recharge is by electronic sensing. By electronically checking the resin, these units can determine when the resin needs to be recharged -- this is a great help when your water hardness changes, when you have extra company or when you are gone for a few days. These 'sensor' units can save you up to 42% of your salt and recharge water as well as keep you in soft water when you have extra guests. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        A third way to initiate recharge is by using a meter. These units have a meter installed in the water line and simply measure how many gallons of water you actually used. The unit is set according to your water hardness, and will recharge when the gallons used approach exhaustion of the resin bed, saving you a high percentage of your recharge salt and water. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        Many variations of these methods are on the market. Some use computers to calculate in advance, when to recharge the unit; some have two resin beds (tanks), and switch back and forth between the two, keeping you in soft water all the time, at the highest efficiency. These systems are most effective in high hardness waters, i.e., over 10-12 GPG, and over 4 people in the family. Low hardness water and smaller families do not require the extra expense of these options.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;I Have a Water Conditioner, Now my Water Feels "Slimy"&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        When the hardness minerals are removed, soap no longer forms a soap curd, or "bathtub ring" on your skin, plugging your pores, clinging to every strand of hair. You are now truly clean. That slick, slimy feeling you feel is your natural body oils -- without the soap scum. The old saying that you get "squeaky clean" is a myth; that feeling was caused by the soap scum on your skin. By the way, that soap scum provided an excellent place for bacteria to hide and grow, causing numerous minor skin ailments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-3132423217448496040?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/3132423217448496040'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/3132423217448496040'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/09/hard-water.html' title='Hard Water'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-8803364635924298291</id><published>2008-09-30T23:40:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:06:38.224+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Treatment'/><title type='text'>Water that Smells</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;My Water Stinks! What can I Do?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        First, you must learn a little about your nose: Once you smell some things, your sense of smell is dulled for a short while, and you can't make accurate judgments of smell. For instance, if I blindfold you, let you smell gasoline, hand you a piece of onion to eat and tell you it is an apple, you can't tell it's not because your nose isn't working properly!! (Your sense of taste isn't working either -- smell and taste are closely related and affect each other!)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        So, to correctly analyze your problem, you need to become a detective. The best time to locate the smell is after you have been away from home for a few hours -- this allows your nose to become sensitive to "that smell" again. With your 'sensitized' nose, go to an outside spigot -- one that the raw, untreated water flows from. Turn it on, let it run a few minutes, then smell it. If it smells -- we found it. If not, we must look further. (Many, many smells are not in the raw water at all, they are introduced into the water inside the house.) Go to a cold, treated water spigot inside the house, turn it on and let it run a minute; then smell. If this water smells, and the outside, untreated water didn't -- you must have a device (cartridge filter, water softener, etc.) in the water line that needs to be cleaned and sanitized.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        If it is a cartridge, or 'string' filter, replace the element and sanitize the housing. If you have a water conditioner call the Company where you bought the unit for advise on how to sanitize the unit. If you rent the unit, just call! You can sanitize the unit by pouring Hydrogen Peroxide or Chlorine Bleach in the brine well of the salt tank, and placing the unit into regeneration. Check with the seller, or, if they are no longer in business, any Professional Water Conditioning Dealer for how much to put in your particular unit.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        If the cold, treated water inside didn't smell, turn on the hot water and let it run a few minutes -- does it smell? If it does, chances are you have a sacrificial anode inside your hot water heater that is "coming apart at the seams" and throwing off a "rotten egg" odor. This obnoxious smell will drive you right out of your shower! The only solution is to remove the anode from the heater, voiding your warranty, or replace it with a new one made with aluminum alloy. This anode is placed in a (glass lined) hot water heater to seal up any cracks in the glass lining and prevent corrosion of the heater tank. You will find the anode on the top of the heater; remove the tin cover and insulation -- look for what looks like a pipe plug -- about 3/4 inch in size with a 1 1/16"fitting. Turn off the heat source and the water; have someone hold the tank to prevent it from turning, and unscrew the "plug". You will find that the 'plug' has a 30 - 40" long pipe (or what's left of one) attached to it. Hopefully, most of the rod is still attached -- just corroded. Replace that plug with a pipe plug and throw the anode away. If part of the rod has corroded off, and fallen into the heater, you may have to try to fish it out. (Good Luck!!) Either way, before you plug the hole, pour about 2 pints of chlorine bleach into the tank. This will kill the smell left in the heater. If, after a week or so, the smell returns, you must fish out the rod that is in the bottom of the tank. The bad news is that by removing the anode, your water heater warranty may be voided. Good Luck!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;strong&gt;OK, It's my Raw Water That Smells -- Now What?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;p&gt;First, you must determine what is causing the smell, and how strong it is.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;h4&gt;Minor, musty smell:&lt;/h4&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;        If it is a minor, or low-level smell, you MIGHT be able to solve it with a small, point-of-use carbon filter. You can place these types of filters on the water line going to the cold water where you draw you drinking water. Or, you might solve it with a whole-house filter on your incoming water line to filter all of the water inside your home.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        Because carbon removes smells by &lt;u&gt;AD&lt;/u&gt;sorbtion, i.e., the smell "sticks" or "adheres" to the carbon particles, you must be careful not to exceed the manufactures recommended flow -- some filters even have a flow restriction built in them. If you run water through them too fast, you will not remove the smells. Whenever you place a carbon filter in your water line, you must be sure to replace the element and sanitize the housing on a regular basis. Carbon filters remove organics from water, and the bacteria found in water like to eat organics -- the carbon filter is a nice, dark place, just full of food for them to grow and reproduce in. Regular and routine replacement will help prevent any buildup of bacteria in the cartridge.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Strong, rotten-egg smell:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        Strong, rotten-egg odors in the raw water is usually the result of the decomposition of decaying underground organic deposits. As water is drawn to the surface, hydrogen sulfide gas can be released to the atmosphere. In strong concentrations, this gas is flammable and poisonous. It rapidly tarnishes silver, turning it black. It is toxic to aquarium fish in sufficient quantities. As little as 0.5 ppm hydrogen sulfide can be tasted in your drinking water.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Strong, musty smell:&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        If you are unlucky enough to have this problem, you should look for a company that has local experience in dealing with this problem. There are three basic ways to solve this problem for homeowners.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt;   &lt;strong&gt;Filters&lt;/strong&gt;   &lt;p&gt;Installation of a whole house filter loaded with a media that is specific for hydrogen sulfide removal is successful many times. These types of filters must be recharged with chlorine or potassium permanganate. The removal capacities of these types of filters are usually fairly low, and must be sized to contain enough media to prevent premature exhaustion, and subsequent passage of the smell to service. It is also typical that the amount of hydrogen sulfide can fluctuate rapidly, causing great difficulty in sizing the unit. In addition, potassium permanganate is extremely "messy", and will leave stains that are very difficult to remove.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt;   &lt;strong&gt;Feeders&lt;/strong&gt;   &lt;p&gt;Feeder systems consist of a small pump that injects small amounts of chlorine (usually) into the incoming water. The water must then be held for a short period of time to allow the hydrogen sulfide to precipitate out of the water. This tank should be designed in such a manner that the water that enters it will mix thoroughly with the water in the tank, to assure complete reaction. The water then should pass through a filter to remove both the precipitated matter and the chlorine remaining in the water. You should be aware, however, that whenever you mix chlorine with organic materials (remember where hydrogen sulfide come from!), the chances are very high that trihalomethanes (possible cancer causing cragginess) will be formed. Also, feeder maintenance is high, you should be prepared to "play" with the unit frequently.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;   &lt;strong&gt;Aeration&lt;/strong&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Aeration consists of breaking the incoming water into small droplets (spray) into the air, drawing fresh air through that spray, collecting the water into a storage tank, repressurize the water, passing it through a particulate filter to catch any particles that might be carried out of the storage tank. The air drawn though the spray must be vented outside the house -- remember, it is toxic and explosive. Although this system necessitates another pump to repressurize your supply, you are not adding any chemicals to your water, which makes it attractive. This system is low maintenance and no chemicals to purchase. Initial cost may be higher, however, and space requirements may be greater.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-8803364635924298291?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/8803364635924298291'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/8803364635924298291'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/09/water-that-smells_30.html' title='Water that Smells'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-930921497056366367</id><published>2008-09-30T23:39:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:07:16.465+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Industrial Water Treatment'/><title type='text'>Industrial Water Treatment</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Industrial Water Treatment can be classified into the following categories:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   * Boiler water treatment&lt;br /&gt;   * Cooling water treatment&lt;br /&gt;   * Wastewater treatment&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;        Water treatment is used to optimize most water-based industrial processes, such as: heating, cooling, processing, cleaning, and rinsing, so that operating costs and risks are reduced. Poor water treatment lets water interact with the surfaces of pipes and vessels which contain it. Steam boilers can scale up or corrode, and these deposits will mean more fuel is needed to heat the same amount of water. Cooling towers can also scale up and corrode, but left untreated, the warm, dirty water they can contain will encourage bacteria to grow, and Legionnaires' Disease can be the fatal consequence. Domestic water can become unsafe to drink if proper hygiene measures are neglected.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       In many cases, effluent water from one process might be perfectly suitable for reuse in another process somewhere else on site. With the proper treatment, a significant proportion of industrial on-site wastewater might be reusable. This can save money in three ways: lower charges for lower water consumption, lower charges for the smaller volume of effluent water discharged and lower energy costs due to the recovery of heat in recycled wastewater.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       Industrial water treatment seeks to manage four main problem areas: scaling, corrosion, microbiological activity and disposal of residual wastewater. Boilers do not have many problems with microbes as the high temperatures prevents their growth.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;        Scaling occurs when the chemistry and temperature conditions are such that the dissolved mineral salts in the water are caused to precipitate and form solid crystalline deposits. These can be mobile, like a fine silt, or can build up in layers on the metal surfaces of the systems. Scale is a problem because it insulates and heat exchange becomes less efficient as the scale thickens, which wastes energy. Scale also narrows pipe widths and therefore increases the energy used in pumping the water through the pipes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;        Corrosion occurs when the parent metal oxidises (as iron rusts, for example) and gradually the integrity of the plant equipment is compromised. The corrosion products can cause similar problems to scale, but corrosion can also lead to leaks, which in a pressurised system can lead to catastrophic failures.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       Microbes can thrive in untreated cooling water, which is warm and sometimes full of organic nutrients, as wet cooling towers are very efficient air scrubbers. Dust, flies, grass, fungal spores and so on collect in the water and create a sort of "microbial soup" if not treated with biocides. Most outbreaks of the deadly Legionnaires' Disease have been traced to unmanaged cooling towers, and the UK has had stringent Health &amp;amp; Safety Guidelines concerning cooling tower operations for many years as have had governmental agencies in other countries.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       Disposal of residual wastewaters from an industrial plant is a difficult and costly problem. Most petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have onsite facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the local and/or national regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into community treatment plants or into rivers, lakes or oceans.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-930921497056366367?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/930921497056366367'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/930921497056366367'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/09/industrial-water-treatment.html' title='Industrial Water Treatment'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-6634955289804937183</id><published>2008-09-30T23:38:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:07:35.479+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Sand Filters'/><title type='text'>Sand Filters</title><content type='html'>Sand based water filters have been used for over 100 years to treat waste water. They are generally used on a larger scale to treat a water supply for a whole community, and will be custom made. Most units require a constant flow of water to work correctly, and so wouldn't be suitable for well water treatment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-6634955289804937183?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/6634955289804937183'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/6634955289804937183'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/09/sand-filters.html' title='Sand Filters'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-3493829832530352504</id><published>2008-09-05T20:31:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:07:29.965+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Treatment'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Magnetic Water Conditioners'/><title type='text'>Magnetic Water Conditioners</title><content type='html'>Electromagnetic water conditioners are a relatively new invention. The idea is that by passing water through a magnetic field, the calcium and magnesium ion's are altered in such a way that they loose their ability to cause scale.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       This has a number of benefits; although the water is not technically soft, it has the useful properties of soft water, that is, it won't cause limescale in your pipes thus increasing heating efficiency and lengthening the lifespan of any clothes washed in the conditioned water.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       Calcium is an important dietary element, so the fact that conditioned water still retains its calcium content is an added benefit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-3493829832530352504?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/3493829832530352504'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/3493829832530352504'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/09/magnetic-water-conditioners.html' title='Magnetic Water Conditioners'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-7967729012366311011</id><published>2008-09-05T20:26:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:07:47.287+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Treatment'/><title type='text'>Water Treatment</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Water Treatment&lt;/strong&gt; describes the processes used to make water more acceptable for a desired end-use. These can include use as drinking water, for use in industrial processes or to allow discharge into the environment without adverse ecologcal impact. These processes may be physical such as settlement, chemical such as disinfection or coagulation or biological such as lagooning, slow sand filtration or activated sludge.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Water Purification&lt;/strong&gt; is the removal of contaminants from untreated water to produce drinking water that is pure enough for human consumption. Substances that are removed during the process of drinking water treatment include bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, and man-made chemical pollutants. Many contaminants, such as man-made chemicals and heavy metals, can be dangerous—but depending on the quality desired, some are removed to improve the water's smell, taste, and appearance. There really is no such thing as pure water. As the universal solvent, the moment that purified water is exposed to the environment it interacts, even with carbon dioxide in the air. Water purification therefore is a process describing the treatments employed to meet the objectives of the user.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sewage Treatment&lt;/strong&gt; is the process that removes the majority of the contaminants from wastewater or sewage and produces both a liquid effluent suitable for disposal to the natural environment and a sludge. To be effective, sewage must be conveyed to a treatment plant by appropriate pipes and infrastructure and the process itself must be subject to regulation and controls. Some wastewaters require different and sometimes specialised treatment methods. At the simplest level, treatment of sewage and most wastewaters is through separation of solids from liquids, usually by settlement. By progressively converting dissolved material into solids, usually a biological floc which is then settled out, an effluent stream of increasing purity is produced.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-7967729012366311011?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/7967729012366311011'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/7967729012366311011'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/09/water-treatment.html' title='Water Treatment'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-5963053857618545850</id><published>2008-09-05T20:25:00.001+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:08:04.203+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Treatment'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Softening'/><title type='text'>Water Softening</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;        A &lt;strong&gt;water softener&lt;/strong&gt; reduces the calcium or magnesium ion concentration in hard water. These "hardness ions" cause two major kinds of problems. The metal ions react with soaps and calcium sensitive detergents, hindering their ability to lather properly and forming an unsightly precipitate— the familiar scum or "bathtub ring". Presence of "hardness ions" also inhibits the cleaning effect of detergent formulations. More seriously, calcium and magnesium carbonates tend to adhere to the surfaces of pipes and heat exchanger surfaces. The resulting scale buildup can restrict water flow in pipes. In boilers, the deposits act as thermal insulation that impedes the flow of heat into the water; this not only reduces heating efficiency, but allows the metal to overheat which, in a pressurized system, can lead to failure.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       Conventional water-softening devices intended for household use depend on an ion-exchange resin in which "hardness" ions trade places with sodium ions that are electrostatically bound to the anionic functional groups of the polymeric resin. A class of minerals known as zeolites also exhibits ion-exchange properties; these minerals were widely used in earlier water softeners.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       Water softeners are typically used when water is supplied from wells. Usually public water systems have low hardness so individual consumers need not have their own water softening equipment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;How It Works &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;p&gt;        The water to be treated passes through a bed of the resin. Negatively-charged resins absorb and bind metal ions, which are always positively charged. The resins initially contain univalent sodium ions, which exchange with divalent calcium and magnesium ions in the water. This exchange eliminates precipitation and soap scum formation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;        As the water passes through both kinds of resin, the hardness ions replace the sodium which are released into the water. For most purposes, the low levels of salt in the treated water are innocuous. However because of the increase in sodium concentration, some people believe water softened in this way is not suitable for regular consumption.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Regeneration&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;        As these resins become converted to their Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt; form they gradually lose their effectiveness and must be regenerated. This is done by passing a concentrated brine solution through them, causing the above processes to be reversed. This is a drawback, since most of the salt used for regeneration gets flushed out of the system and may be released into the soil or sewer. This can be damaging to the environment, especially in arid regions. For this reason, many jurisdictions prohibit such release and require users to dispose of the spent brine at an approved site or to use a commercial service company.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-5963053857618545850?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/5963053857618545850'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/5963053857618545850'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/09/water-softening.html' title='Water Softening'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-7697221049052868109</id><published>2008-09-05T20:17:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:08:13.693+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Treatment'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Filters'/><title type='text'>Water Filters</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;        It may be useful to invest in a water filter for your home to make sure that your drinking water is clean and free from contaminants. There are different forms of water filters available today, all useful as a water softening treatment:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Granulated, activated carbon water filters&lt;/strong&gt; – These are portable filters that are found in water jugs. They are the most simplest type of filter and removes contaminants such as chlorine, large particles and parasites. They are available at most kitchenware stores and are reasonably cheap if you have a low budget. However, they have a short filter life and don’t filter out many chemicals and bacteria.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Carbon block, activated carbon water filters&lt;/strong&gt; – These types of filters are generally built-in to the water supply in your home. These filters are more expensive than granulated types, but they do give better filtration and do not need to be replaced as often.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ceramic carbon water filters&lt;/strong&gt; – This type of filter is comprised of a ceramic part and a carbon part, this gives it an ability to filter out a broad range of contaminants from the water supply. Some are infused with silver, as this is a good antibiotic and reduces the number of micro-organisms present. These filters are good value for money. They are built-in to the home water supply and need to be replaced about every 12 months in the average household.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reverse osmosis water filters&lt;/strong&gt; – These filters are often considered the best form of water filtration available today. The water is passed through a semi-permeable membrane, which filters out almost every contaminant. They are more expensive than other types of filters but have reasonably low running costs, effective filtration and can be used to filter water to the whole house.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Combination Systems&lt;/strong&gt; – This filter has become available in recent years and are seen as an alternative to reverse osmosis systems. They have a number of different filters, and each filtration process removes different contaminants. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alkaline Water Machines&lt;/strong&gt; – This system not only filters your drinking water but it makes it more alkaline. It is a good system for those with environmental illnesses where there is too much acid in the body. It has effective filtration but it can be expensive and it wastes a lot of water during the filtration process.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-7697221049052868109?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/7697221049052868109'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/7697221049052868109'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/09/water-filters.html' title='Water Filters'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-6409927264147504886</id><published>2008-09-05T20:03:00.003+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:08:40.416+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Treatment'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Drinking Water'/><title type='text'>Improving your Drinking Water</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Filters; what can they do?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        There are many types of filters available in the market place today. I will try to group them by the method they use to filter water. Almost everyone has seen the ads for the filter that fits on the end of your kitchen sink or bathroom spigot. These filters usually use two basic types of filtration: a filter 'pad' catches the large (usually over 25 micron in size) particles or 'chunks' , and a small amount of carbon to adsorb organics and/or chlorine. The main problem here is the flow rates at which they are expected to work at. The consumer expects to turn the tap on as normal and draw "filtered" water. To remove free chlorine, for instance, standard engineering practices set the maximum flow rate at 10 gallons per minute per square foot (144 square inches) of surface area of the carbon, *if* you are using a standard 30" bed depth. To remove chloramines or organics, the maximum flow rate is set at 5 gallons per minute per square foot of surface area. If your spigot will provide a flow of 1.5 gallons per minute, what size filter do you need hanging on the end of that spigot to insure that the chlorine and organics will not be swept past through the filter, into your glass? If you purchase this type of filter, make sure it has a way of limiting the rate at which water passes through it.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        Next comes the cartridge type filter. Most common are the 10 1/2 or 20 inch long filters. This type filter will usually have a removable housing, into which different types of "elements" can be placed. A sediment filter cartridge element can be manufactured to remove certain size particles and larger. Most elements for home use will indicate 30 or 50 micron and larger removal. More expensive elements, usually for industrial use, may indicate a particle size (in microns) and add the words "Absolute" after it. No, it isn't Vodka, it simply means that if it says 5 micron absolute, it means it! Very few particles larger than 5 microns will pass through the filter. The regular filter may say 25 microns, meaning that *most* of the particles 25 microns and larger will be caught by the filter. Remember, there filters actually get better, or more effective, as they are used. The 'junk' in the water collects on the surface of the filter and becomes a part of the filter as well. As it builds up, progressively smaller and smaller particles are trapped, and the flow rate through the filter slowly diminishes. This slowing of the flow rate can be a source of problems to water using appliances in your home. If you use such a filter, regular changing of the filter element is very important. Elements for these filters can also be carbon (block or granular, or powdered), can be manufactured for use in hot water, can be ceramic, pleated as well as many other configurations. Some manufacturers are mixing a small amount of silver into the carbon to help prevent any bacteria growth in them. This has yet to be a proven methodology. In fact, make sure that such a filter doesn't give off more silver than is allowed, if not rinsed thoroughly prior to use, especially after a prolonged period of non-use. Remember, all filters, carbon especially, trap organics that bacteria feed on, and as the water sits without moving, they can multiply rapidly. Always change the elements on a regular, frequent basis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Selective Resins&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;         A relative newcomer to the market, some small filters now contain resins that only remove specific things from the water, such as Nitrates, Fluoride or Lead. Technology is rapidly changing&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;in this area; If you have a need for such a device, you should ask for supporting test results from an independent testing lab to verify that the unit will perform as advertised. Many states now have legislation that requires such data be provided to you prior to purchase.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Deinonization&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;         Used mainly in labs, manufacturing processes, or for serious aquarium owners, DI filters are actually more complex than a filter. True filters, unlike the selective resin and DI units, work on a mechanical basis: they just 'catch' the particles that are too large to fit through the spaces between the filter media. (Well, I fibbed a little; but who wants to know about the Van Der Waals or Coulomb forces?) DI works by ion exchange, just like a water softener. Just as a water softener exchanges sodium for hardness minerals, a DI unit will have two types of resin in it: Cation and Anion. Basically, the Cation resin (like in a water softener) removes the ions with a positive charge, while the Anion resin removes those ions with a negative charge. Instead of using salt as a regenerant, acid and caustic are used. Some small DI cartridges are sold as "throw-aways", others can be returned for regeneration and reuse. These small units can treat only small amounts of raw, city water. Usually, it is much more economical to pre-treat the water feeding a DI system with reverse osmosis water.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Distillation&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;         One of the oldest methods for cleaning water is distillation. Simply put, you boil water, catch the steam, and condense it back into water. Theory is, the minerals stay behind in the boiling chamber, and only *pure* water ends up in your container. In the real world, most of those things do happen; but if you do not perform preventative maintenance on your still, you can get very poor results. Distillation will kill bacteria, viruses, cysts as well as remove heavy metals, organics, radionuclides, inorganics and particulates if properly maintained. One thing you must watch out for is VOC's (volatile organic chemicals). These chemicals have a lower boiling point than water (like benzene), and can vaporize and mix with the steam, carrying over into the product water. Some stills today have a volatile gas vent -- a small hole at the top of the condensing coil that allows the venting of such substances. Many distillers have a carbon filter to "polish" the product water before use and to remove any VOC's that may carry over. The energy used to treat a gallon of water is usually about 3,000 watts, or about 25 cents per gallon (average) in the US. This treatment method requires that you 'plan ahead' and make and store water for use, which makes it somewhat less appealing. The more elaborate units will make and store water automatically, but raise the initial investment and maintenance of the equipment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reverse Osmosis&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;         This is a process that is often described as filtration, but it is far more complex than that. We sometimes explain it as a filter because it is much easier to visualize using those terms. We should remember that osmosis is how we feed each cell in our bodies: As our blood is carried into the smallest of capillaries in our bodies, nutrients actually pass through the cell wall to sustain it's life. Reverse osmosis is just the opposite: We take water with "nutrients" (in this case, junk) in it, and apply pressure to it against a certain type of membrane, and, presto -- out comes "clean" water. Lets review the basics: If you take a jar of water and place a semi-permeable membrane (like a cell wall? or a piece of skin?) in it, dividing the jar into two sections, then place water in both sides to an equal level, nothing happens. But, if you place salt (or other such substance) into one side of the jar, you will notice that, after awhile, the water level in the salty side begins to rise higher as the unsalted side lowers. This is osmotic pressure at work: The two solutions will continue to try to reach the same level of salt in each side by the unsalted water passing through the membrane to dilute the salty water. This will continue until the "head" pressure of the salt water overcomes the osmotic pressure created by the differences in the two solutions. Researchers have discovered that if we take that membrane and feed water with sufficient pressure to overcome the osmotic pressure of the two waters, we can 'manufacture' clean water on the side of the membrane that has no pressure. We sometimes say we "filter" the water through the membrane. Depending on the membrane design, and the material it made from, the amount of TDS (total dissolved solids) reduction will range from 80 to over 99 per cent. Different minerals have different rejection rates, for instance, the removal rate for the membrane I am looking at now is 99.5% for Barium and Radium 226/228; but only 85.9% for Fluoride and 94.0% for Mercury. Removal rates are very dependent on feedwater pressures, and some membranes are not tolerant to high or low pH. For home use, it is important to make sure you get an RO *System*; i.e., a sediment pre-filter, a carbon pre-filter, membrane, storage tank and post carbon filter. Some of these filters may be combined into one, i.e., the pre-filter may be both a particulate and a carbon filter. A lot of comments have been made concerning the *wasting* of water by an RO. True, the old style units with the early type membranes were more prone to becoming plugged, or fouled by the "junk" they removed from the water. To help keep this from happening, a small amount of water was allowed to run across the membrane to help carry away those impurities to drain. Early designs only recovered 1 gallon of good water for every 4-8 gallons used to keep the membrane clean. And when your storage tank was full, water still ran to the drain because the early membranes were made of a material that the little bugs in your water supply (no, not pathogens, or dangerous to you in small numbers) loved to eat! So to prevent that, we just let the water run so they couldn't have time to stop and eat. :&gt;) Now membranes are made that not only recover a much higher percentage of the feedwater, but the bugs don't eat them! Newer systems not only recover more water to begin with, they may also have a shut off device that stops all water flow when the storage tank is full. Actual recovery rate is dependent on several factors, including the TDS, and just what the TDS is composed of, in your feedwater. Temperature, pressure also have a big effect on the amount of product water you can make in a given period. Remember, all RO units are normally rated using a feedwater temperature of 77 degrees F -- is your feed water temperature that high?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;What is the best water for Coffee?&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;         Well, that a good question! After visiting with many coffee people, I have gathered the following as a basis for recommending the "perfect water" for coffee. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;1. All oxidants removed. (Chlorine or other such  "sanitizers".) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;2. All organics removed. (You know, dead fish, tadpoles, THM's,  insecticides, pesticides, etc.) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;3. TDS (total dissolved solids) from 60 to 100 ppm (parts per million) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;4. Hardness of about 3-4 grains per gallon. (51.3 to 68.4 ppm) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;5. Low sodium water, i.e., less than 10 mg/L. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;6. pH depends on the Bean you are using, plus the method of extraction. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;7. Iron, Manganese and copper gone, or less than 0.02 ppm.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;h3 align="justify"&gt;What is the best way to get this type of water?&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;         There is no single answer for this question, however, if we assume you are getting your water from a municipal supply, we *assume* the Iron and Manganese problems are taken care of by the city plant. (Some towns may not solve these problems -- you be the judge!) Copper *may* come from the supply itself, or, if the water is aggressive enough, it may actually be picked off the copper plumbing in your house as it sits overnight in the pipes. (Lead can also be leached out of the older "sweat" joints that may have used solder that contained lead.) It is best to "clear the pipes" the first thing in the morning before using any water for ingestion. Simply run enough water to clear your pipes of the 'overnight' standing water that *may* have picked up the harmful metals from your pipes -- use it to water your houseplants. If we use a good, properly sized carbon filter, we will substantially reduce the organics and oxidants in the water, as well as remove most of the particulates. However, we still have TDS and Hardness to worry about. If we soften the water, we do not reduce the TDS, we simply *exchange* the hardness minerals for Sodium -- which we don't want for coffee! The best answer (usually) is the reverse osmosis system. This *system* usually has a particulate and carbon filter (organics, oxidants and particulates are reduced); and a membrane (reduces the TDS by about 90% -- including hardness, sodium and others as well); all linked together in one flow path.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;         We can greatly improve the coffee by using any one of the above mentioned methods, but if we combine them, we get, for all practical purposes, the *best* water for your coffee! Rule of thumb: With an RO System, whatever impurities were in the water are typically reduced by 90% or more, leaving only water behind, which is what we really wanted, anyway!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;strong&gt;How much sodium does Ion Exchange add to my water?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;          For every grain of hardness in your water, 7.5 mg of Sodium will be *added* to each quart of water by the ion-exchange method. If you have water that is 10 grains per gallon hard; you will add 75.0 mg of Sodium per quart of water softened by ion-exchange. To put that in perspective, one 8 oz glass of milk contains 120 mg of Sodium, one slice of white bread contains 114 mg of Sodium. You must also remember that there is *probably* Sodium in the raw water, too. If your city supply treats your water by a "hardness reduction" treatment plant, you can be sure that the Sodium level in your water has increased as a result -- how much? Call your plant operator and ask -- it is information free to the public.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-6409927264147504886?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/6409927264147504886'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/6409927264147504886'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/09/improving-your-drinking-water.html' title='Improving your Drinking Water'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-8811780006003851117</id><published>2008-09-05T20:02:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:08:56.206+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Reverse Osmosis'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Treatment'/><title type='text'>Reverse Osmosis</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;        In water filter terms, reverse osmosis (or hyper-filtration) is the process of filtering water under pressure through a semi-permeable membrane, allowing water to pass through but rejecting other particles such as bacteria, toxins, salts, and anything bigger than around 150 Daltons.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;What is RO (Reverse Osmosis)?&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       Reverse Osmosis is water filterization system using Membrane Filter with numerous tiny holes so that it could filter metal liquid and virus. When passing through the filter, they will stick to the surface of Membrane Filter (The water for this Membrane filter process must be water without suspended solids. And before passing through Membrane filter, it has to pass through 3 types of normal filter.) So, the water needs to get an appropriate amount of force from booster pump to be able to pass through Membrane Filter (Typically Membrane filter allows only small water molecule passing through but not bacteria, virus and metal liquid with complicated molecule). The detect particle is gotten rid of in form of waste water while the purified water will be filtered again by activate Carbon to make sure that water from Reverse Osmosis is clean and clear.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-8811780006003851117?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/8811780006003851117'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/8811780006003851117'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/09/reverse-osmosis.html' title='Reverse Osmosis'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3955117342884657091.post-3033511218251282737</id><published>2008-09-05T19:44:00.002+07:00</published><updated>2008-11-07T19:09:05.594+07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Water Treatment'/><title type='text'>Water Purification</title><content type='html'>Water purification is the removal of contaminants from raw water to produce drinking water that is pure enough for human consumption or for industrial use. Substances that are removed during the process include parasites ( such as Giardia or Cryptosporidium) , bacteria, algae, viruses, fungi, minerals (including toxic metals such as Lead, Copper etc.), and man-made chemical pollutants. Many contaminants can be dangerous—but depending on the quality standards, others are removed to improve the water's smell, taste, and appearance. A small amount of disinfectant is usually intentionally left in the water at the end of the treatment process to reduce the risk of re-contamination in the distribution system.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       Many environmental and cost considerations affect the location and design of water purification plants. Groundwater is cheaper to treat, but aquifers usually have limited output and can take thousands of years to recharge. Surface water sources should be carefully monitored for the presence of unusual types or levels of microbial/disease causing contaminants. The treatment plant itself must be kept secure from vandalism and terrorism.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       It is not possible to tell whether water is safe to drink just by looking at it. Simple procedures such as boiling or the use of a household charcoal filter are not sufficient for treating water from an unknown source. Even natural spring water—considered safe for all practical purposes in the 1800s—must now be tested before determining what kind of treatment is needed.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sources of Drinking Water&lt;br /&gt;  1. Deep groundwater: The water emerging from some deep groundwaters may have fallen as rain many decades or even hundreds of years ago. Soil and rock layers naturally filter the groundwater to a high degree of clarity before it is pumped to the treatment plant. Such water may emerge as springs, artesian springs, or may be extracted from boreholes or wells. Deep groundwater is generally of very high bacteriological quality (i.e., a low concentration of pathogenic bacteria such as Campylobacter or the pathogenic protozoa Cryptosporidium and Giardia) but may be rich in dissolved solids, especially carbonates and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. Depending on the strata through which the water has flowed, other ions may also be present including chloride, and bi-carbonate. There may be a requirement to reduce the iron or manganese content of this water to make it pleasant for drinking, cooking, and laundry use. Disinfection is also required. Where groundwater recharge is practised, it is equivalent to lowland surface waters for treatment purposes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  2. Shallow groundwaters: Water emerging from shallow groundwaters is usually abstracted from wells or boreholes. The bacteriological quality can be variable depending on the nature of the catchment. A variety of soluble materials may be present including potentially toxic metals such as zinc and copper. Arsenic contamination of groundwater is a serious problem in some areas, notably from shallow wells in Bangladesh and West Bengal in the Ganges Delta.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  3. Upland lakes and reservoirs: Typically located in the headwaters of river systems, upland reservoirs are usually sited above any human habitation and may be surrounded by a protective zone to restrict the opportunities for contamination. Bacteria and pathogen levels are usually low, but some bacteria, protozoa or algae will be present. Where uplands are forested or peaty, humic acids can colour the water. Many upland sources have low pH which require adjustment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  4. Rivers, canals and low land reservoirs: Low land surface waters will have a significant bacterial load and may also contain algae, suspended solids and a variety of dissolved constituents.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  5. Atmospheric water generation is a new technology that can provide high quality drinking water by extracting water from the air by cooling the air and thus condensing water vapour.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  6. Rainwater harvesting or fog collection which collect water from the atmosphere can be used especially in areas with significant dry seasons and in areas which experience fog even when there is little rain .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Stages in typical municipal water treatment&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are three principal stages in water purification:-&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  1. Primary treatment - Collecting and screening including pumping from rivers and initial storage&lt;br /&gt;  2. Secondary treatment - removal of fine solids and the majority of contaminants using filters, coagulation, flocculation and membranes&lt;br /&gt;  3. Tertiary treatment - polishing, pH adjustment, carbon treatment to remove taste and smells, disinfection, and temporary storage to allow the disinfecting agent to work.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Primary Treatment&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  1. Pumping and containment - The majority of water must be pumped from its source or directed into pipes or holding tanks. To avoid adding contaminants to the water, this physical infrastructure must be made from appropriate materials and constructed so that accidental contamination does not occur.&lt;br /&gt;  2. Screening (see also Screen filter) - The first step in purifying surface water is to remove large debris such as sticks, leaves, trash and other large particles which may interfere with subsequent purification steps. Most deep Groundwater does not need screening before other purification steps.&lt;br /&gt;  3. Storage - Water from rivers may also be stored in bankside reservoirs for periods between a few days and many months to allow natural biological purification to take place. This is especially important if treatment is by slow sand filters. Storage reservoirs also provide a buffer against short periods of drought or to allow water supply to be maintained during transitory pollution incidents in the source river.&lt;br /&gt;  4. Pre-conditioning - Many waters rich in hardness salts are treated with soda-ash (Sodium carbonate)to precipitate calcium carbonate out utilising the common ion effect.&lt;br /&gt;  5. Pre-chlorination - In many plants the incoming water was chlorinated to minimise the growth of fouling organisms on the pipe-work and tanks. Because of the potential adverse quality effects (see Chlorine below), this has largely been discontinued.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Secondary treatment&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       There are a wide range of techniques that can be used to remove the fine solids, micro-organisms and some dissolved inorganic and organic materials. The choice of method will depend on the quality of the water being treated, the cost of the treatment process and the quality standards expected of the processed water.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  1. pH adjustment - If the water is acidic, lime or soda ash is added to raise the pH. Lime is the more common of the two additives because it is cheaper, but it also adds to the resulting water hardness. Making the water slightly alkaline ensures that coagulation and flocculation processes work effectively and also helps to minimise the risk of lead being dissolved from lead pipes and lead solder in pipe fittings.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  2. Coagulation and flocculation - Together, coagulation and flocculation are purification methods that work by using chemicals which effectively "glue" small suspended particles together, so that they settle out of the water or stick to sand or other granules in a granular media filter. Many of the suspended water particles have a negative electrical charge. The charge keeps particles suspended because they repel similar particles. Coagulation works by eliminating the natural electrical charge of the suspended particles so they attract and stick to each other. The joining of the particles so that they will form larger settleable particles is called flocculation. The larger formed particles are called floc. The coagulation chemicals are added in a tank (often called a rapid mix tank or flash mixer), which typically has rotating paddles. In most treatment plants, the mixture remains in the tank for 10 to 30 seconds to ensure full mixing. The amount of coagulant that is added to the water varies widely due to the different source water quality.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     One of the more common coagulants used is aluminum sulfate, sometimes called filter alum. Aluminum sulfate reacts with water to form flocs of aluminium hydroxide.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Coagulation with aluminum compounds may leave a residue of aluminium in the finished water. This is normally about 0.1 to 0.15 mg/L. It has been established that Aluminium can be toxic to humans at high concentrations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Iron(II) sulfate or iron (III) chloride are other common coagulants. Iron(III) coagulants work over a larger pH range than aluminum sulfate but are not effective with many source waters. Other benefits of iron(III) are lower costs and in some cases slightly better removal of natural organic contaminants from some waters. Coagulation with iron compounds typically leaves a residue of iron in the finished water. This may impart a slight taste to the water, and may cause brownish stains on porcelain fixtures. The trace levels of iron are not harmful to humans, and indeed provide a needed trace mineral. Because the taste and stains may lead to customer complaints, aluminium tends to be favoured over iron for coagulation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Cationic and other polymers can also be used. They are often called coagulant aids used in conjunction with other inorganic coagulants. The long chains of positively charged polymers can help to strengthen the floc making it larger, faster settling and easier to filter out. The main advantages of polymer coagulants and aids are that they do not need the water to be alkaline to work and that they produce less settled waste than other coagulants, which can reduce operating costs. The drawbacks of polymers are that they are expensive, can blind sand filters and that they often have a very narrow range of effective doses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  3. Flocculation - In flocculation coagulants are used but the resultant floc is settled out rather than filtered through sand filters. The chosen coagulant and the raw water is slowly mixed in a large tank called a flocculation basin. Unlike a rapid mix tank, the flocculation paddles turn very slowly to minimise turbulence. The principle involved is to allow as many particles to contact other particles as possible generating large and robust floc particles. Generally, the retention time of a flocculation basin is at least 30 minutes with speeds between 0.5 feet and 1.5 feet per minute (15 to 45 cm / minute). Flow rates less than 0.5 ft/min cause undesirable floc settlement within the basin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  4. Sedimentation -Water exiting the flocculation basin enters the sedimentation basin, also called a clarifier or settling basin. It is a large tank with slow flow, allowing floc to settle to the bottom. The sedimentation basin is best located close to the flocculation basin so the transit between does not permit settlement or floc break up. Sedimentation basins can be in the shape of a rectangle, where water flows from end to end, or circular where flow is from the center outward. Sedimentation basin outflow is typically over a weir so only a thin top layer-furthest from the sediment-exits.The amount of floc that settles out of the water is dependent on the time the water spends in the basin and the depth of the basin. The retention time of the water must therefore be balanced against the cost of a larger basin. The minimum clarifier retention time is normally 4 hours. A deep basin will allow more floc to settle out than a shallow basin. This is because large particles settle faster than smaller ones, so large particles bump into and integrate smaller particles as they settle. In effect, large particles sweep vertically though the basin and clean out smaller particles on their way to the bottom.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     As particles settle to the bottom of the basin a layer of sludge is formed on the floor of the tank. This layer of sludge must be removed and treated. The amount of sludge that is generated is significant, often 3%-5% of the total volume of water that is treated. The cost of treating and disposing of the sludge can be a significant part of the operating cost of a water treatment plant. The tank may be equipped with mechanical cleaning devices that continually clean the bottom of the tank or the tank can be taken out of service when the bottom needs to be cleaned.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     An increasingly popular method of floc removal is by dissolved air flotation. A proportion of clarified water, typical 5-10% of throughput, is recycled and air is dissolved in it under pressure. This is injected into the bottom of the clarifier tank where tiny air bubbles are formed which attach themselves to the floc particles and float them to the surface. A sludge blanket is formed which is periodically removed using mechanical scrapers. This method is very efficient at floc removal and reduces loading on filters, however it is unsuitable for water sources with a high concentration of sediment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  5. Filtration - After separating most floc, the water is filtered as the final step to remove remaining suspended particles and unsettled floc. The most common type of filter is a rapid sand filter. Water moves vertically through sand which often has a layer of activated carbon or anthracite coal above the sand. The top layer removes organic compounds including taste and odour. The space between sand particles is larger than the smallest suspended particles, so simple filtration is not enough. Most particles pass through surface layers but are trapped in pore spaces or adhere to sand particles. Effective filtration extends into the depth of the filter. This property of the filter is key to its operation: if the top layer of sand were to block all the particles, the filter would quickly clog.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     To clean the filter, water is passed quickly upward through the filter, opposite the normal direction (called backflushing or backwashing) to remove embedded particles. Prior to this, compressed air may be blown up through the bottom of the filter to break up the compacted filter media to aid the backwashing process; this is known as air scouring. This contaminated water can be disposed of, along with the sludge from the sedimentation basin, or it can be recycled by mixing with the raw water entering the plant.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Some water treatment plants employ pressure filters. These work on the same principle as rapid gravity filters differing in that the filter medium is enclosed in a steel vessel and the water is forced through it under pressure.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  6. Slow sand filters may be used where there is sufficient land and space. These rely on biological treatment processes for their action rather than physical filtration. Slow sand filters are carefully constructed using graded layers of sand with the coarsest at the base and the finest at the top. Drains at the base convey treated water away for disinfection. Filtration depends on the development of a thin biological layer on the surface of the filter. An effective slow sand filter may remain in service for many weeks or even months if the pre-treatment is well designed and produces an excellent quality of water which physical methods of treatment rarely achieve.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  7. Ultrafiltration membranes are a relatively new development; they use polymer film with chemically formed microscopic pores that can be used in place of granular media to filter water effectively without coagulants. The type of membrane media determines how much pressure is needed to drive the water through and what sizes of micro-organisms can be filtered out.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tertiary treatment&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       Disinfection is normally the last step in purifying drinking water. Water is disinfected to destroy any pathogens which passed through the filters. Possible pathogens include viruses, bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Campylobacter and Shigella, and protozoans, including G. lamblia and other Cryptosporidia. In most developed countries, public water supplies are required to maintain a residual disinfecting agent throughout the distribution system, in which water may remain for days before reaching the consumer. Following the introduction of any chemical disinfecting agent, the water is usually held in temporary storage - often called a contact tank or clear well to allow the disinfecting action to complete.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  1. Chlorine- The most common disinfection method is some form of chlorine or its compounds such as chloramine or chlorine dioxide. Chlorine is a strong oxidant that kills many micro-organisms.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Because chlorine is a toxic gas, there is a danger of a release associated with its use. This problem is avoided by the use of sodium hypochlorite, which is a relatively inexpensive solid that releases free chlorine when dissolved in water. Handling the solid, however, requires greater routine human contact through opening bags and pouring than the use of gas cylinders which are more easily automated. Both disinfectants are widely used despite their respective drawbacks. A major drawback to using chlorine gas or sodium hypochlorite is that they react with organic compounds in the water to form potentially harmful levels of the chemical by-products trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids, both of which are carcinogenic and regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The formation of THMs and haloacetic acids is minimised by effective removal of as many organics from the water as possible before disinfection. Although chlorine is effective in killing bacteria, it has limited effectiveness against protozoans that form cysts in water. (Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium, both of which are pathogenic).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  2. Chlorine dioxide is another fast-acting disinfectant. It is, however, rarely used, because it may create excessive amounts of chlorate and chlorite, both of which are regulated to low allowable levels. Chlorine dioxide also poses extreme risks in handling: not only is the gas toxic, but it may spontaneously detonate upon release to the atmosphere in an accident.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  3. Chloramines are another chlorine-based disinfectant. Although chloramines are not as effective as disinfectants, compared to chlorine gas or sodium hypochlorite, they are less prone to form THMs or haloacetic acids. It is possible to convert chlorine to chloramine by adding ammonia to the water along with the chlorine: The chlorine and ammonia react to form chloramine. Water distribution systems disinfected with chloramines may experience nitrification, wherein ammonia is used a nitrogen source for bacterial growth, with nitrates being generated as a byproduct.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  4. Ozone (O3) is a relatively unstable molecule of oxygen which readily gives up one atom of oxygen providing a powerful oxidising agent which is toxic to most water borne organisms. It is a very strong, broad spectrum disinfectant that is widely used in Europe. It is an effective method to inactivate harmful protozoans that form cysts. It also works well against almost all other pathogens. Ozone is made by passing oxygen through ultraviolet light or a "cold" electrical discharge. To use ozone as a disinfectant, it must be created on site and added to the water by bubble contact. Some of the advantages of ozone include the production of relatively fewer dangerous by-products (in comparison to chlorination) and the lack of taste and odor produced by ozonation. Although fewer by-products are formed by ozonation, it has been discovered that the use of ozone produces a small amount of the suspected carcinogen Bromate. Another one of the main disadvantages of ozone is that it leaves no disinfectant residual in the water. Ozone has been used in drinking water plants since 1906 where the first industrial ozonation plant was built in Nice, France. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has accepted ozone as being safe; and it is applied as an anti-microbiological agent for the treatment, storage, and processing of foods.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  5. UV radiation is very effective at inactivating cysts, as long as the water has a low level of colour so the UV can pass through without being absorbed. The main drawback to the use of UV radiation is that, like ozone treatment, it leaves no residual disinfectant in the water.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;     Because neither ozone nor UV radiation leaves a residual disinfectant in the water, it is sometimes necessary to add a residual disinfectant after they are used. This is often done through the addition of chloramines, discussed above as a primary disinfectant. When used in this manner, chloramines provide an effective residual disinfectant with very little of the negative aspects of chlorination.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Additional treatment options&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  1. Fluoridation -in many areas fluoride is added to water for the purpose of preventing tooth decay. This process is referred to as water fluoridation. Fluoride is usually added after the disinfection process. In the United States, fluoridation is usually accomplished by the addition of dihydrogen hexafluorosilicate, which decomposes in water, yielding fluoride ions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  2. Water conditioning: This is a method of reducing the effects of hard water. Hardness salts are deposited in water systems subject to heating because the decomposition of bicarbonate ions creates carbonate ions which crystalise out of the saturated solution of calcium or magnesium carbonate. Water with high concentrations of hardness salts can be treated with soda ash (sodium carbonate) which precipitates out the excess salts, through the common ion effect, as calcium carbonate of very high purity. The preciptated calcium carbonate is traditionally sold to the manufacturers of toothpaste. Several other methods of industrial and residential water treatment are claimed (without general scientific acceptance) to include the use of magnetic or/and electrical fields reducing the effects of hard water.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  3. Plumbo-solvency reduction: In areas with naturally acidic waters of low conductivity (i.e surface rainfall in upland mountains of igneous rocks), the water is capable of dissolving lead from any lead pipes that it is carried in. The addition of small quantities of phosphate ion and increasing the pH slightly both assist in greatly reducing plumbo-solvency by creating insoluble lead salts on the inner surfaces of the pipes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  4. Radium Removal: Some groundwater sources contain radium, a radioactive chemical element, including many groundwater sources north of the Illinois River in Illinois. Radium can be removed by ion exchange, or by water conditioning. The back flush or sludge that is produced is, however, a low-level radioactive waste.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  5. Fluoride Removal: Although fluoride is added to water in many areas, some areas of the world have excessive levels of natural fluoride in the source water. Excessive levels can be toxic. One method of reducing fluoride levels is through treatment with activated alumina.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Other water purification techniques&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       Other popular methods for purifying water, especially for local private supplies are listed below. In some countries some of these methods are also used for large scale municipal supplies. Particularly important are distillation (de-salination of seawater) and reverse osmosis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  1. Boiling: Water is heated hot enough and long enough to inactivate or kill microorganisms that normally live in water at room temperature. Near sea level, a vigorous rolling boil for at least one minute is sufficient. At high altitudes (greater than two kilometers or 5000 feet) three minutes is recommended. US EPA emergency disinfection recommendations In areas where the water is "hard" (that is, containing significant dissolved calcium salts), boiling decomposes the bicarbonate ions, resulting in partial precipitation as calcium carbonate. This is the "fur" that builds up on kettle elements, etc., in hard water areas. With the exception of calcium, boiling does not remove solutes of higher boiling point than water and in fact increases their concentration (due to some water being lost as vapour). Boiling does not leave a residual disinfectant in the water. Therefore, water that has been boiled and then stored for any length of time may have acquired new pathogens.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  2. Carbon filtering: Charcoal, a form of carbon with a high surface area, absorbs many compounds including some toxic compounds. Water passing through activated charcoal is common in household water filters and fish tanks. Household filters for drinking water sometimes contain silver to release silver ions which have a bactericidal effect.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  3. Distillation involves boiling the water to produce water vapour. The vapour contacts a cool surface where it condenses as a liquid. Because the solutes are not normally vaporised, they remain in the boiling solution. Even distillation does not completely purify water, because of contaminants with similar boiling points and droplets of unvaporised liquid carried with the steam. However, 99.9% pure water can be obtained by distillation. Distillation does not confer any residual disinfectant and the distillation apparatus may be the ideal place to harbour Legionnaires' disease.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  4. Reverse osmosis: Mechanical pressure is applied to an impure solution to force pure water through a semi-permeable membrane. Reverse osmosis is theoretically the most thorough method of large scale water purification available, although perfect semi-permeable membranes are difficult to create. Unless membranes are well-maintained, algae and other life forms can colonise the membranes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  5. Ion exchange: Most common ion exchange systems use a zeolite resin bed to replace unwanted Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions with benign (soap friendly) Na+ or K+ ions. This is the common water softener.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  6. Electrodeionization: Water is passed between a positive electrode and a negative electrode. Ion selective membranes allow the positive ions to separate from the water toward the negative electrode and the negative ions toward the positive electrode. High purity deionized water results. The water is usually passed through a reverse osmosis unit first to remove non-ionic organic contaminants.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Water purification for hydrogen production&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;       For small scale production of hydrogen water purifiers are installed to prevent formation of minerals on the surface of the electrodes and to remove organics and chlorine from utility water. First the water passes through a 20 micrometre interference (mesh or screen filter) filter to remove sand and dust particles, second, a charcoal filter (activated carbon) to remove organics and chlorine, third stage, a de-ionizing filter to remove metallic ions. A test can be done before and after the filter for proper functioning on barium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium and silicon.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another used method is reverse osmosis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;References&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;   * Masters, Gilbert M. Introduction to Environmental Engineering. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.&lt;br /&gt;   * United States EPA Ground and Drinking Water Homepage. EPA Ground and Drinking Water Homepage Visited 12/13/05&lt;br /&gt;   * Viessman, Warren, and Mark J. Hammer. Water Supply and Pollution Control. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2005.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aquacheme.com/" title="Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist" target="_blank"&gt;Aquacheme : Water Treatment Specialist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/3955117342884657091-3033511218251282737?l=blog.aquacheme.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/3033511218251282737'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/3955117342884657091/posts/default/3033511218251282737'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://blog.aquacheme.com/2008/09/water-purification.html' title='Water Purification'/><author><name>tung148</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/17274846872042379030</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='27' height='32' src='http://bp3.blogger.com/_-5QP6VJx3Sc/R5AfZ3B6kTI/AAAAAAAAAMQ/8g07B713H7s/S220/Copy+of+duck_p10.png'/></author></entry></feed>
